Pengantar Organisasi Komputer

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IKI10230Pengantar Organisasi KomputerBab 7
Datapath
Sumber1. Hamacher. Computer Organization, ed-5.
21 Mei 2003 Bobby Nazief (nazief_at_cs.ui.ac.id)Qoni
ta Shahab (niet_at_cs.ui.ac.id) bahan kuliah
http//www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/iki10230/
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Prosesor Control Datapath
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Organisasi Prosesor (Single-bus)
Control Unit
DatapathUnit
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Siklus Eksekusi Instruksi

• Eksekusi instruksi yang ukurannya tetap
• do
• 1. IR ? MPC // Fetch instruksi
• 2. PC ? PC d // Tunjuk ke lokasi instruksi
  berikutnya
• 3. Eksekusi instruksi
• while (!stop)
• Eksekusi instruksi yang ukurannya bervariasi
• do
• do // Fetch instruksi
• IR ? MPC
• PC ? PC d
• while (!end-of-instruction)
• Eksekusi instruksi
• while (!stop)

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Operasi-operasi Dasar Waktu Eksekusi

• Operasi-operasi Dasar
• Mengambil (fetching) Data dari Memori
• Menyimpan (storing) Data ke Memori
• Pertukaran Data Antar-Register
• Operasi Aritmatika Logika di Datapath
• Waktu Eksekusi
• Gate Delay
• Waktu yang dibutuhkan output suatu gerbang logika
  berubah sesuai kondisi inputnya
• Registers Delay
• Waktu yang dibutuhkan isi register berubah sesuai
  inputnya

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Mengambil Data dari Memori

• Instruksi
• LD R2,(R1) R2 ? MR1
• Langkah-langkah
• MAR ? R1
• Read
• Tunggu sinyal MFC// MFC Memory Function
  Completed// Pada saat MFC aktif// MDR ? MMAR
• R2 ? MDR

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Menyimpan Data ke Memori

• Instruksi
• ST (R1),R2 MR1 ? R2
• Langkah-langkah
• MAR ? R1
• MDR ? R2, Write
• Tunggu sinyal MFC// MFC Memory Function
  Completed// Pada saat MFC aktif// MMAR ? MDR

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• Pengendalian Transfer Data
• Dari/Ke Register

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Pertukaran Data Antar-Register Input Output
Gating
operasi tulis baca dilakukan secara bergantian
memungkinkan peranti lain menggunakan bus
Operasi Baca
Operasi Tulis
Zout Q output 0 X 3-state 1 1 1
1 0 0

• 1-bit bus Zin Q
• X 0 Q
• 0 1 0
• 1 1 1

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Pertukaran Data Antar-Register
R1in

• Instruksi
• MOV R4,R1 R4 ? R1
• Langkah-langkah
• Enable output of R1// setting R1out to 1
• Enable input of R4 // setting R4in to 1

X
R1
X
R1out
R4in
X
R4
X
R4out
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Operasi Aritmatika dan Logika

• Instruksi
• ADD R1,R2 R1 ? R1 R2
• Langkah-langkah
• R1out, Yin
• R2out, Add, Zin
• Zout, R1in

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• Waktu Eksekusi

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Waktu Eksekusi Gate Delay

• When input 0 ? 1, output 1 ? 0 but NOT instantly
• Output goes 1 ? 0 output voltage goes from Vdd
  (5v) to 0v
• When input 1 ? 0, output 0 ? 1 but NOT instantly
• Output goes 0 ? 1 output voltage goes from 0v to
  Vdd (5v)
• Voltage does not like to change instantaneously

Voltage
1 gt Vdd
0 gt GND
Time
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Waktu Eksekusi Series Connection
Vdd
V1
Vin
G1
G2
G1
G2
C1
Voltage
Vdd
V1
Vout
Vin
Vdd/2
d1
d2
GND
Time

• Total Propagation Delay Sum of individual
  delays d1 d2
• Capacitance C1 has two components
• Capacitance of the wire connecting the two gates
• Input capacitance of the second inverter

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Waktu Eksekusi Registers Delay
Clk

• Setup Time Input must be stable BEFORE the
  trigger clock edge
• Hold Time Input must REMAIN stable after the
  trigger clock edge
• Clock-to-Q time
• Output cannot change instantaneously at the
  trigger clock edge

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Waktu Eksekusi
R2out, Add, Zin
Turn-on time for 3-state driver
Transmission time
Propagation delay through ALU
Setup time
Hold time
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• PR no. 5

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PR no. 5 batas waktu ? 4 Juni 2003

• 7.3
• 7.5
• 7.10
• 7.11
• 7.24

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• Langkah-langkah
• Pengeksekusian Instruksi

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Operasi (AL) Bagian dari Pertukaran Data

• Komponen-komponen Datapath
• Register tempat penyimpanan data
• ALU tempat pemrosesan aritmatika logika
• Bus penghubung antar-register antara
  register-ALU
• Eksekusi Instruksi merupakan kombinasi pertukaran
  data antara
• Register ? Bus ? Register
• Register ? Bus ? ALU
• Register ? Bus ? Memori
• Pertukaran data dilakukan dengan cara
  mengaktifkan gerbang-gerbang register dengan
  menggunakan sinyal-sinyal kendali (PCout, PCin,
  dst.)
• Selain itu, juga ada sinyal-sinyal kendali yang
  berhubungan dengan komponen-komponen lain
  (Memori Read, Write ALU Add, Sub, Set
  Carry-in, dst.)

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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi

• Instruksi
• Add R1,(R3) R1 ? R1 MR3
• Langkah-langkah
• Fetch instruksi
• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Fetch operand 1 (isi lokasi memori yg ditunjuk
  oleh R3)
• R3out, MARin, Read
• R1out, Yin, WMFC
• Lakukan operasi penjumlahan
• MDRout, Add, Zin
• Simpan hasil penjumlahan di R1
• Zout, R1in, End

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1. Fetch instruksi

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
  ALU, Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin

Control lines
Address lines
Data lines
00000000
Add
1
Carry-in
PC1
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2. Fetch operand 1

• R3out, MARin, Read
• R1out, Yin, WMFC

Address lines
Data lines
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3. Lakukan operasi penjumlahan

• MDRout, Add, Zin

Address lines
Data lines
Add
Carry-in
Zin
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4. Simpan hasil penjumlahan

• Zout, R1in, End

Address lines
Data lines
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Tahapan Eksekusi Branching

• Unconditional (JMP Loop)
• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• PCout, Yin
• Offset-field-of-IRout, Add, Zin // PC ? PC
  Offset
• Zout, PCin, End
• Conditional (contoh BRNeg Loop)
• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• PCout, Yin , If N0 then End // take the branch?
• Offset-field-of-IRout, Add, Zin // PC ? PC
  Offset
• Zout, PCin, End

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• LD Rd,X

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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi LD Rd,X

• Instruksi
• LD R16,X R16 ? MX
• Langkah-langkah
• Fetch instruksi
• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Fetch operand dari lokasi memori yang ditunjuk
  oleh X
• Xout, MARin, Read
• WMFC
• Lakukan operasi ALU
• Simpan hasil penjumlahan di R16
• MDRout, R16in, End

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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi LD Rd,X

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Xout, MARin, Read
• WMFC
• MDRout, R16in, End

Control lines
Read
Address lines
PCout
MARin
Data lines
Clear Y
00000000
Add
1
Set Carry-in
PC1
Zin
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi LD Rd,X

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Xout, MARin, Read
• WMFC
• MDRout, R16in, End

Control lines
WMFC
Address lines
PCin
Data lines
Zout
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi LD Rd,X

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Xout, MARin, Read
• WMFC
• MDRout, R16in, End

Control lines
Address lines
Data lines
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi LD Rd,X

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Xout, MARin, Read
• WMFC
• MDRout, R16in, End

Control lines
Read
Address lines
Data lines
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi LD Rd,X

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Xout, MARin, Read
• WMFC
• MDRout, R16in, End

Control lines
WMFC
Address lines
Data lines
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi LD Rd,X

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Xout, MARin, Read
• WMFC
• MDRout, R16in, End

Control lines
Address lines
Data lines
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• ADD Rd,Rs

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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi ADD Rd, Rs

• Instruksi
• ADD R16,R17 R16 ? R16 R17
• Langkah-langkah
• Fetch instruksi
• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• Fetch operand ke-1 (R16)
• R16out, Yin
• Fetch operand ke-2 (R17) dan Lakukan operasi ALU
• R17out, Add, Zin
• Simpan hasil penjumlahan di R16
• Zout, R16in, End

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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi ADD Rd, Rs

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• R16out, Yin
• R17out, Add, Zin
• Zout, R16in, End

Control lines
Read
Address lines
PCout
MARin
Data lines
Clear Y
00000000
Add
1
Set Carry-in
PC1
Zin
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi ADD Rd, Rs

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• R16out, Yin
• R17out, Add, Zin
• Zout, R16in, End

Control lines
WMFC
Address lines
PCin
Data lines
Zout
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi ADD Rd, Rs

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• R16out, Yin
• R17out, Add, Zin
• Zout, R16in, End

Control lines
Address lines
Data lines
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi ADD Rd, Rs

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• R16out, Yin
• R17out, Add, Zin
• Zout, R16in, End

Control lines
Address lines
Data lines
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi ADD Rd, Rs

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• R16out, Yin
• R17out, Add, Zin
• Zout, R16in, End

Control lines
Instruction Decoder
PC1
Address lines
MAR
IR
Data lines
MDR
R17
YR16
R16
ALU
Z
TEMP
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Tahapan Eksekusi Instruksi ADD Rd, Rs

• PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU,
  Add, Zin
• Zout, PCin, WMFC
• MDRout, IRin
• R16out, Yin
• R17out, Add, Zin
• Zout, R16in, End

Control lines
Address lines
Data lines
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• Peningkatan Kinerja Prosesor

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Multiple-bus salah satu cara peningkatan kinerja
Add R1,R2,R3 R1?R2R3
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Bandingkan dengan Organisasi Single-bus
Add R1,R2,R3 R1?R2R3
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Beberapa Teknik Peningkatan Kinerja Prosesor
Lainnya

• Pre-fetchinginstruksi berikutnya (i1) di-fetch
  pada waktu pengeksekusian instruksi (i)
• Perlu teknik Branch Prediction
• Pipeliningeksekusi instruksi dipecah kedalam
  tahap-tahap yang dapat dilakukan secara overlap
• Fetch Instruksi
• Decode Instruksi
• Baca Operand (dari register asal)
• Lakukan Operasi
• Tulis Hasil (ke register tujuan)
• On-chip Cachemempercepat akses data dari/ke
  memori

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Arsitektur Intel P6 (Pentium Pro)
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Arsitektur SPARCstation20

• TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20

MBus Module
SuperSPARC
Floating-point Unit
L2
CC
DRAM Controller
Integer Unit
MBus
MBus control M-S Adapter
L64852
Inst Cache
Ref MMU
Data Cache
STDIO
SBus
serial
kbd
SCSI
Store Buffer
SBus DMA
mouse
Ethernet
audio
RTC
Bus Interface
SBus Cards
Boot PROM
Floppy