Chapter 8: Social Problems Substance Abuse

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Chapter 8 Social ProblemsSubstance Abuse Sport

• A Comparison of Ben Johnson Marion Jones

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Ben Johnson vs. Marion Jones
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Substance Abuse Sport Culture

• Fascination lies partly with
• athletes continual capacity
• to break previous records
• Use of anabolic steroids or artificial stimulants
  rejection by media and sporting culture
• Viewed as unhealthy and detrimental
• to sport competitions

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We live in a drug-taking society

• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Caffeine in the form of coffee, tea and soft
  drinks as a stimulant
• Vitamins, dietary supplements, protein shakes and
  over the counter medications to improve their
  quality of life
• Beta-blockers for the calming effect

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Why the Concern

• Once drug free
• Now in a period of crisis
• Harmful to athletes
• Challenge the notion of fair play

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History of Substance Abuse in Sport

• Athletes have always sought ways to improve their
  performance
• Ancient Olympian champions
• opium juice
• herbal medications
• Roman Gladiators
• - fed their horses hydromel (an alcoholic
  beverage)
• - used hallucinogens stimulants such as
  strychnine

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Evolution of Doping in Sport

• Late 19th Century
• -modern applications began
• -coca leaf (cocaine alkaloids)
• 1900-1920
• -performance enhancing drugs used in Modern
  Olympic Games
• 1928
• -first rule against doping in sport
• 1950s
• -first effective drug- amphetamines used in
  WW2 crossed over into sports

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• 1960
• -first athlete to die in Olympic competition due
  to doping
• 1967-1968
• -IOC establishes a medical commission to fight
  substance abuse within sport
• -first drug testing at the Olympic games

• 1990
• -US congress passes anabolic steroids control act
• 1999
• -World Anti-Doping Agency is established

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Myth of Substance Free Sport

• Questions the integrity of athletic achievements
• Sport viewed as a moral and educative enterprise
• BUT
• Access to
• material resources
• expertise
• facilities
• participation
• has prevented sport from
• existing on a level playing field

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Organizations

• International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF)
• founded in 1912
• 17 national athletic federations who saw the need
  for a governing authority
• Athletics was about enhancing the quality of life

• http//iaaf.realwinner.org/loginpage.aspx?lang1

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World Anti-Doping Agency

• The World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) mission
  is to
• promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against
  doping in
• sport and all its forms.
• Established in 1999
• International independent agency

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The Prohibited List (WADA)

• First published in 1963 under the leadership of
  the IOC
• International standard identifying substances
  prohibited in competition, out of competition and
  in particular sports
• Substances and methods are classified by
  categories (steroids, stimulants, gene doping)

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Ben JohnsonFastest Man in the World?

• Sept. 24th, 1988
• Mens 100-metre race at the Seol Olympics
• Record breaking time
• 9.79 seconds
• First Olympic sprinting victory since Percy
  Williams in 1982

Demonstrated that Canada can compete with
dominant United States athletes
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a victory for Canada - Brian Mulroney
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Johnson Tests Positive

• Stanosolol - an anabolic steroid

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Major World News

• Mens 100m sprint had become a major spectator
  event
• The magnitude of Johnsons disgrace was blown up
  in part by
• Olympic Games becoming recently corporatized
  therefore the media frenzy reached billions of
  satellite viewers world wide
• The significance of being the worlds fastest man

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Johnsons Effect on Canada

• The shock was particularly felt in Canada
• Celebrations were reduced to national
  embarrassments.
• Disowned by Canadian media
• Put athletes under the microscope for some time

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Johnson Takes the Heat

• Several American track athletes tested positive
  for drugs (Seoul Games).
• Allegedly among them was Lewis, who was awarded
  the gold medal after Johnson's disqualification

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\I am not a cheat. I do what I am supposed to
do to win. Most of the people here in Canada
still look at me as the fastest man alive. Ben
Johnson, 2006
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Marion Jones Greatest Female Athlete in the
World?
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Background

• Track and Basketball
• Invited to 1992 Olympic Triad at the age of 17
• Accepted a full scholarship for basketball and
  the University of North Carolina
• First gold in the 1999 World Track and Field
  Championships in the 100m
• For the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney she told
  reporters she was aiming for 5 gold medals

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Marion Jones Results

• Gold
• 100m
• 200m
• 4X1600m Relay (US)
• Bronze
• Long Jump
• 4X400m Relay

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• Ron Rapoport wrote in the Los Angeles Times,
  Jones,
• armed with her beauty, skills, and hypnotic
  smile, "was
• all but inescapable as the symbol of the
  possibilities,
• and the joy, that could flow from a life devoted
  to
• sport."

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BUSTED!

• October of 2007 - admitted to taking steroids
  (Tetrahydrogestrinone) before competing in the
  2000 Sydney Olympics
• Acknowledged deceit in the previous statement
  denying steroid use
• Disqualified her from all her competitive results
  obtained after September 1, 2000 and
• Forfeiture of all medals, results, points and
  prizes.
• October 5, 2007 - pled guilty to lying to federal
  agents.
• January 11, 2008 - Jones was sentenced to 6
  months in jail

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Marion Jones admission What it means to the
Olympics and sport

• More reason for people to question the Olympics
  and professional sport
• She was considered one of the greatest female
  athletes in the world

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Dick Pound World Anti-Doping Agency Chairman

• This is a shame...This was America's darling at
  the 2000
• Summer Olympics...I hope this will have a
  deterrent effect.
• It's not merely cheating in sports, but now she
  has lied her
• way to exposure to penal sanctions."

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Final Thoughts

• Sport is an integral part of daily life.
• The aim is to have a good time and play a fair
  game.
• Drug use in sport is one thing that can ruin
  this ideal.
• Becomes more about winning at any cost than
  about rewarding natural ability and hard work.

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IN

Increased Temptation to Cheat the System
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Final Thoughts

• Affects not only the competitors but also the
  amount of respect spectators hold for sport and
  their sporting heroes
• Appreciation of a sport can easily be tainted if
  even a single athlete is found guilty of doping
• Unfair on honest participants (when drugs are
  used)
• Sport is no longer a measure of pure skill.

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THANK YOU!
Any Questions?