David J' Doran

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Introduction to Ethno-nationalism The Balkans
Rwanda in the 1990sA legacy of European
imperialism, the catalyst and reality of recent
acts of genocide. Self determination of new
nationstates with drastic revisions to the
worlds political boundaries

• David J. Doran
• Department of Interdisciplinary Studies
• Georgia College and State University
• April 18, 2009

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What is geography?

• Human/Environment
• Spatial Science
• Social Studies
• Holistic discipline
• Human Geography
• Physical Geography
• Interdisciplinary Studies

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The Slave Trade The Beginning of European
Hegemony in AfricaEuropeans replaced Arab
control of this exploitative trade, commencing
with the Portuguese and followed by the Spanish,
Dutch, British, French, Americans.
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The Six Imperialistic Empires of the 19th
CenturyNotice three of the six empires
maintained influence on the Balkan Peninsula
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European HegemonyWhat other world empires were
imperialistic in 1900?
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European HegemonyWhat other world empires were
imperialistic in 1900?
Belgium, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United
States
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The European Scramble for AfricaThe British
Colonial Empire dominated world commerce, David
Livingstons philosophy The White Mans Burden
The AngloSaxon mission to civilize the world.
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Bismarck The Berlin Conference 1884Prussia
was instrumental in uniting the German states
under many chauvinistic concepts, one referred to
as Lebensraum a term which translates as the
space required for life, growth or activity.
European expansion for natural resources
subjects.

• Indigenous African Borders

• European Colonial Borders

Africa would resemble the map on the right if
borders were drawn along lines of ethnicity
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European Imperialists carved up the African
ContinentThe Colonial governments had no regard
for the indigenous borders

• The German Kaiser, who was related to Britains
  Queen Victoria, became angry when he learned that
  Britain had acquired Africas two largest peaks.
• These volcanic mountains have alpine glaciers
  located at their summits
• They exceed 17,000 feet and straddle equator in
  tropical East Africa
• Victoria had the borders redrawn between the two
  peaks
• Mount Kilimanjaro is located in German East
  Africa, which is now Tanzania
• Mount Kenya is located in British East Africa
  which is now Kenya

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World War I

• What was the catalyst of World War I?
• How did the 19th century empires influence this
  major world conflict, the war supposedly to end
  all wars?
• What empires allied with one another?
• Why?
• What was the outcome of the war?
• Who was defeated?
• Emergent superpowers?
• What happened in Russia
• What was the name of the new state for Southern
  Slavs?
• Who created the state?

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Europe 1914 1919 Boundary Changes
What new nationstates were created out of these
former empires
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The War to End All Wars!

• A Bosnian Serb assassinated the Austrian Archduke
  his wife in Austrian occupied Sarajevo.
• Austria declared war on Serbia
• Tsarist Russians backed Serbia, their Southern
  Slavic Brother
• The Germans the Ottomans allied with the
  Austrians
• The British the France allied with the Russians
• The Triple Entente was victorious
• Britain France became world imperial
  superpowers
• Austria, Germany, the Ottoman Empire were
  crushed
• The Russian Revolution in 1917 led to the
  communist USSR
• The Soviets created Yugoslavia

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Europe 1944 2008 Boundary Changes
Now what happened in the states of
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia
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20th Century History

• World War I
• Rise of Communism
• World War II
• Cold War (Three Worlds)
• Iron Curtain/Eastern Block
• India, Israel, China gain statehood
• European Union
• Worlds Strongest Economy
• The Euro Pound
• Ethno Nationalism Erupts
• Belfast, Barcelona, Balkans

Why does membership in the European Union enable
nationalism autonomy which may lead to
devolution within the larger multi nation state?
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Terminology - Geopolitics

• Nation (Unique Culture)
• Hutu, Tutsi, Croats, Kurds
• State (Political autonomy)
• Nation State (Japan)
• Homogeneous Self Ruled State
• MultiNation State (Diverse)
• Bosnia-Herzegovina Rwanda
• Nationalism (Self Rule)
• Independence Terrorism
• Devolution/Balkanization
• Nationalistic movements result in the loss of
  territory the creation of new states
• Croatia the Czech Republic are new states from
  the fragmentation of larger units

The EU possesses one of the strongest economies
on Earth, thus new states are not dependent on
their former government for stability
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European Languages Religions
What region of Europe has the greatest diversity
of religions Why?
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BalkanizationThis is the example of devolution
named for Yugoslavia which fragmented into seven
new states by 2008

• Cold War 1950 1990
• Sarajevo Winter Olympics 1984
• U.S.S.R. Crumbles 1990
• Nationalism BOOMS in Europe
• Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenians establish own
  nation-states
• Croatian Serbian soccer riots
• Croatian nationalism leads to new nation-state of
  Croatia
• Ethno-national violence in Bosnia
• Equally divided between Serbians, Croatians,
  Bosnian Muslims
• Serbian militias massacre Bosniaks and Croatians
  mass graves found
• Myth of Greater Serbia
• NATO bombing of Belgrade, Serbia
• Slobodan Milosevic convicted of war crimes at
  world court in The Hague
• Kosovo Crisis 1997 Independence

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Bosnia Kosovo

• Serbians
• Eastern Orthodox Slavic
• Russian brothers
• 500 years of Turk oppression
• Croatians
• Roman Catholic Slavic
• Austrian province
• Nazi Sympathizers
• Bosniaks
• Muslims Slavic
• Families probably converted to under Ottoman
  occupation
• Kosovar Albanians
• Albanian Muslims living in Serbias Holy Kosovo.
• Albanians were military elite of the Ottoman
  Empire

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Bosnia

• Slovenia and Croatia declared independence from
  Yugoslavia 9/91
• Yugoslavian army (Serbs) fought to prevent
  Slovenia from establishing its own borders
• Croatian army fought Serbian militiamen
• Montenegro only republic to join Serbia
• Bosnia-Herzegovina Macedonia seceded
• Serbian minority in Bosnia and Yugoslavian army
  (Serbs) occupied Sarajevo in 1992.
• Sarajevo site of 1988 Winter Olympics
• Serb Agenda Ethnic cleansing of Muslims
  Croatians from Bosnia Herzegovina
• Reminiscent of Hitlers Nazi Germany 1930s
• UN booted Yugoslavia from membership
• Dayton Peace Accords 1995 Cease Fire
• 20,000 people massacred by Serbs
• 2 million refugees displaced

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Kosovo

• Kosovo sought independence used tactics used
  by IRA, PLO, ETA during the 90s as KLA
• KLA was formed in 1996 Yugoslav army (Serbs)
  used force against civilians
• NATO bombed Serbia Montenegro for over two
  months until peace agreement between NATO and
  Milosevic (Belgrade)
• UN sent 2,000 unarmed troops to Kosovo in 98
• Violence increases between Serbs and Kosovars
• NATO began air war in 1999
• Serbians kill thousands of Kosovars to cleanse
  Kosovo of Muslim infidels
• Milosevic lost Presidency in 2000 surrendered
  to Yugoslav forces. Charges Corruption
  Genocide in Bosnia and war crimes in Kosovo
• Died in 2002 while still on trial Too Bad!
• Kosovo Independent 2nd Muslim State in Europe

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The Battle of Kosovo occurred in 1389 when the
Ottoman Turks conquered Serbia There are over a
dozen Serbian Orthodox monasteries located in
Kosovo today, representing their spiritual
homeland. Kosovo today is inhabited by over 90
Albanian Muslims (Kosovars). What other world
regions experience conflict over ancient claims
to modern lands?
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Kosovo Celebrates its Independence Fall
2007Which states do you think opposed Kosovar
statehood and why?
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It is the second Muslim state in Europe and has
not been recognized by many modern, developed
states Some of these include China, Italy,
Russia, Serbia, and Spain. Why?
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New States

• Bosnia Herzegovina
• Croatia
• Kosovo
• Republic of Macedonia
• Montenegro
• Serbia
• Slovenia