Assembly Language

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Assembly Language

• Lecturer Dr. Haris Haralambous

2
Please note

• Course pre-requisites
• Digital Logic, Computer Programming
• Gates, flip-flops, truth tables, timing diagrams,
  etc.
• Computer number systems
• decimal, hexadecimal, binary, octal
• conversions, logical operations, arithmetics
• Computer data formats
• ASCII, BCD

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Aims of the course

• Introduction to the modern computer organization
  and technology, with emphasis on the programming
  and interfacing aspects of the popular Intel
  family of microprocessors.
• Topics that will be covered
• Introduction to computer organization, the
  microprocessor and its architecture, addressing
  modes, data movement instructions, arithmetic and
  logic instructions, program control instructions,
  programming the microprocessor, 8086/8088
  hardware specifications, Memory Interface,
  Interrupts,

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Some Quotes

• DOS addresses only 1 MB of RAM because we cannot
  imagine any applications needing
  more.Microsoft, 1980
• I dont think its that significantTandy
  president John Roach on the IBM PC

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Questions

• What exactly is a PC?
• Who invented it?

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Other good references

• Irvine R. Kip, Assembly Language for Intel-Based
  Computers, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, 2002,
  ISBN 0130910139
• William Stallings, Computer Organization and
  Architecture Designing for Performance, 6th
  edition, Prentice Hall, 2002, ISBN 0130351199
• Computer Systems Architecture, A Networking
  Approach, Addison Wesley 2000, ISBN
  0-201-64859-8
• Digital Fundamentals, Floyd (8086 Section)

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Useful Web-sites (1)

• Intel Home www.intel.com
•  
• Intel Processor page http//developer.intel.com/d
  esign/processor/
•  
• Intel Processor Hall of Fame http//www.intel.com
  /intel/museum/25anniv/hof/hof_main.htm
•  
• Intel Processor Specs http//www.intel.com/intel/
  museum/25anniv/hof/tspecs.htm
•  
• The Intel Museum http//intel.com/intel/intelis/m
  useum/

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Useful Web Sites (2)

• How Microprocessors Work http//intel.com/educati
  on/mpuworks/index.htm
• Intel Processor Quick Reference
  http//www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/processors/qui
  ckref.htm 
• Intel Developer Home http//developer.intel.com/ 
  
• Intel Pentium II http//developer.intel.com/desig
  n/PentiumII/ 
• Intel Pentium III http//developer.intel.com/desi
  gn/PentiumIII/
• Intel Pentium 4 http//developer.intel.com/design
  /pentium4/

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Useful Web Sites (3)

• Intel Desktop Boards (Motherboards)
  http//developer.intel.com/design/motherbd/ 
• PC Design Guide (Microsoft and Intel)
  http//www.pcdesguide.org/
• AMD Home www.amd.com
•  
• AMD Athlon http//www.amd.com/products/cpg/athlon
  /index.html
• PC Guide http//www.pcguide.com/index.htm

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• INTRODUCTION TO THE MICROPROCESSOR AND COMPUTER
• 1.1 Historical background
• 1.2 The microprocessor-based PC system
• 1.3 Number Systems
• 1.4 Computer data formats
• 1.5 Summary

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Historical background (1)

• Mechanical Age B.C. to 1800s
• 500 B.C. Babylonians invented abacus, the first
  mechanical calculator
• 1642 Braise Pascal invented calculator using
  wheels and gears
• 1823 Charles Babbage created Analytical Engine
  capable of storing data using punch cards

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Historical background (2)

• Electrical Age 1800s to 1970s
• Trigerred by advent of electric motor (conceived
  by Faraday)
• Motor driven adding machines based on Pascals
  idea
• John H. Pattersons Mechanical cash register
  (NCR)
• First applications for computing devices

1880
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Historical background (3)

• 1896
• Hollerith formed tabulating machine company
  (todays IBM)
• 1930
• Claude Shannon suggests use ofthe binary system
  for usewith electronic circuits
• 1940
• John Von Neumann proposes reconfigurable
  computing by storing programs in memory

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Historical background (4)
1940 - 1950

• First electronic computers
• Vacuum tubes mechanical relays UNIVAC, ENIAC
• 30 tons
• 150 Kwatts
• 80 bytes of memory

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Historical background (5)

• Integrated Circuits Age 1960s present
• Triggered by development of transistor at Bell
  Labs, 1948
• 1958 IC technology invented by Jack Kibly of
  Texas Instruments
• 1971 worlds first microprocessor, Intel 4004
• (4-bit BUS, 4k 4-bit memory, 50kips, 2300
  transistors, 10µm technology)

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Historical background (6)

• 1972 first 8-bit µP, Intel 8008, 16k bytes,
  50kips
• 1973 Intel 8080, 64k bytes, 500 kips, 6000
  transistors
• 1978 Intel 8086, 16-bit, 1M bytes, 2.5Mips. Base
  for 80286 µP, also with 16M bytes
• 1986 Intel 80386, 32-bit µP, 32-bit data and
  address busses, 4G bytes, 16 to 33 MHz, 275k
  transistors, 1µm technology
• 1989 Intel 80486 (like 80385 but with numeric
  co-processor), 4G bytes 8kb cache, 25 to 50
  MHz, 1.2 M transistors, 0.8µm technology

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Historical background (7)

• 1993 Pentium ?p, 64-bit, 4Gb 16kb cache, 150
  Mips, 60 to 166 MHz, 3.1M transistors, 0.8µm
  technology
• 1994, AMD/Cyrix introduces 5x86
• 1 GB hard drive costs 300 (1000 times
  cheaper/MB than in 1983!)
• 1996, Use of Reduced Instruction Set Computer
  (RISC) core to execute 80x86 instructions
• AMD K5/K6, Cyrix M1 (6x86), Intel Pentium Pro

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Historical background (8)

• 1997, Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD),
  Multimedia Extensions / Matrix Math Extensions
  (MMX)
• AMD K6, Intel Pentium II, Cyrix/IBM M2 (6x86 MX)
• 1999, More floating point parallelism (Pentium
  III)
• 2000, 1 GHz processors from AMD and Intel
• 2001, 2 GHz processors from AMD and Intel
• 2003, 3 GHz processors from AMD and Intel

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Rapid Changes

• Moores Law
• Estimates that the number of transistors per chip
  doubles every 18 months
• Exponential growth!
• Has been true for 20 years!
• 2(20 years / 1.5 years / double) 213.3
  10,000 fold performance!

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Moores Law

• If we had similar progress in automotive
  technology, today you could buy a Mercedes for
  about 2. It would travel at the speed of sound,
  and get about 600 miles on a thimble of gas.
• - Randall Tobias Former Vice Chairman of ATT

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Chapter 1

• INTRODUCTION TO THE MICROPROCESSOR AND COMPUTER
• 1.1 Historical background
• 1.2 The microprocessor-based PC system
• 1.3 Number Systems
• 1.4 Computer data formats
• 1.5 Summary

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The µP-based PC system

• Block diagram

buses
Memory system
µP
I/O system
DRAM SRAM Cache ROM Flash memory EEPROM
8086 8088 80x86 Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium
II Pentium III Pentium P4
Printer Mouse CD-ROM drive DVD Keybord Monitor sca
nner
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Reasons behind µP technology

• Speed
• Graphics, Numerical Analysis, CAD, DSP
  applications
• Convenience
• Larger memory, smaller size, lower weight
• Power Dissipation
• Portable PCs and wireless services
• Reliability
• Noise tolerance in adverse environmental
  conditions
• Cost
• Value for money -gt get more done for the money