Chemistry Unit Two

1
Chemistry Unit Two

• Matter and Energy Part
• 2

2
Kinetic Theory

• All matter is made of tiny particles in constant
  motion.

3
Kinetic Theory

• All matter has ENERGY built into it
• Amount of ENERGY depends on the state (or phase)
  of the matter

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ENERGY

• The capacity of matter to do work or to supply
  heat
• Many forms of energy electrical, mechanical,
  chemical, nuclear,
• heat, and light

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Potential Energy (PE)
Two Types of ENERGY in Matter

• Stored energy due to position of matter - ball
  placed on a shelf, water on top of a mountain
• Chemical energy - Matter itself has stored energy
  that can be released during chemical change -
  burning gas or coal releases heat!

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• Kinetic Energy (KE)
• energy of motion - flow of water used to generate
  electricity, collision of two moving cars causes
  damage, movement of gas particles

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HEAT ENERGY

• Most common form of energy expressed in chemistry
• Quantitative
• measurement of energy
• Measured in Joules (SI)
• or Calories (American unit)

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Kinetic Theory

• Potential Energy (PE) in Matter
• the distance between the particles
• Closer together lower PE
• Farther apart higher PE
• Kinetic Energy (KE) in Matter
• energy due to motion of particles
• Faster movement higher KE
• Slower movement lower KE

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Phases of Matter

• Three common States or Phases of Matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

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Phases of Matter
Arranged in orderly pattern

• Yes

• Yes

Touching, but not tightly packed

• No

• Yes

Far apart and rarely touching

• No

• No

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Phases of Matter
Low
Very Low
Vibrational only
Ice
Vibrational, translational
Low
Moderate
Water
High
High
Vapor
Move freely
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Plasma 4th State of Matter

• extraordinary state of matter
• consists of high energy particles
• electrons are stripped from their nuclei
• examples
• fluorescent light
• Stars
• Lightning
• Plasma TV
• Most Abundant State of Matter in Universe!

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Plasma

• The
• Crab
• Nebula

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Variables That Affect Gases

• Moles (n) the amount of gas.
• Volume (V) the size of the container that holds
  the gas in liters (L).
• Temperature (T) the speed or kinetic energy of
  the particles in kelvin (oC 273)
• Pressure (P) The outward push of gas particles
• on their container in atmospheres (atm) or
  millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), or pascals (SI)
• Think of pressure as the number of collisions
  between gas particles and their container.