Habitat Fragmentation II

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Habitat Fragmentation II
I. Components of fragmentation A. Reduction
in total amount of habitat type B.
Apportionment of remaining habitat into
smaller and more isolated patches II. What
constitutes a barrier? III. Biological responses
to habitat fragmentation A. initial
exclusion B. isolation C.
island-area effects D. edge effects
IV. The case of migratory songbirds V.
Protecting wildlife/biotic integrity in a
fragmented landscape Challenges facing remnant
natural areas
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V. Protecting wildlife/biotic integrity in a
fragmented landscape

• Major challenges facing managers
• 1. Natural resource area management will
  increasingly
• consist of managing a mosaic of remnant
  patches.
• -using fragments as stepping
  stones
• -road overpasses
• -Tall grass prairie case study
• 2. Increasing necessity of balancing
  tradeoffs between
• enhancing connectivity and
  maintaining barriers
• -the case for NOT removing
  dams on rivers draining
• into the Laurentian Great
  Lakes
• 3. The issue of fragment size
• B. Management solutions
• C. Video reducing river fragmentation by
  removing
• dams (20 min)

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US Tallgrass Prairie Example
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• 161 nature reserves containing
• tallgrass prairie in 14 US states
• 1/2 are less than 100 acres
• only 0.5 of the original prairie
• remains in the state of Missouri

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• Example of increasing necessity of balancing
  tradeoffs
• between enhancing connectivity and maintaining
  barriers The case for maintaining dams to stop
  the upstream migration of toxic- laden exotic
  fishes thereby
• protecting bald eagle populations upstream

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CLASS READING Freeman
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Fragment Size Ninety eight percent of the
worlds parks are less than 10,000 km2
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Most of worlds national parks and reserves
are too small in area to maintain populations
of many species and to protect ecosystems
and biodiversity in the long-term
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V. Protecting wildlife in a fragmented
landscape(CONT)

• Management solutions
• 1. Buffer zones and pulling together
  in-holdings
• 2. Optimization of internal patch
  structure
• 3. Consider ecological and socioeconomic
  pros
• and cons of linking fragments
• 4. Avoid internal fragmentation
• 5. Manage matrix outside of fragments

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I. Establishing buffer zones around fragments and
acquiring inholdings within the matrix
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• Consider ways to optimize internal patch
• structure to promote specific species

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3. Careful consideration of the pros and cons of
connecting fragments together via corridors good
for some species bad for others
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What are the Pros and Cons of linking protected
areas in urban environ- ments via land
corridors?
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• 4. Avoid internal fragmentation within reserves
  by roads,
• fences, etc and remove or mitigate effects
  of these
• barriers when possible

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• Manage areas of the landscape matrix that are
  outside of fragments to protect the fragment and
  to minimize regional environmental degradation
• A. US Public Lands and
  water issues
• -National Forests
• -National Parks
• -Wildlife Refuges
• B. Success and failure
  stories relating to
• managing specific
  public lands and the
• necessity of
  considering watershed, aquifer
• and airshed
  connectivity

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• Manage areas of the landscape matrix that are
  outside
• of fragments to protect the fragment and
  to minimize regional environmental degradation
• B. Specific Examples
• 1. Watershed
• (a) Zion National
  Park
• (b) Danube
  Delta Biological Reserve
• 2. Aquifer
• (a)
  Yellowstone National Park
• (b) Death
  Valley National Park
• 3. Air-shed
• . (a) Great Smoky
  Mountains National Park

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ZNP Zion National Park (593 km2) GSMNP Great
Smoky Mountains National Park (2107 km2) DDBR
Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (6,792 km2) YNP
Yosemite National Park (8,998 km2) DVNP Death
Valley National Park (13,365 km2)
GSMNP
ZNP
DDBR
YNP
DVNP
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Watershed Controlling Water Consumption and Use
outside of Zion National Park
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• Aquifer
• Controlling groundwater
• pumping and drilling for
• natural gas

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• The importance of
• managing
• groundwater
• pumping and
• (2) Disposal of
• nuclear waste
• Outside of the
• boundaries of
• Death Valley
• National Park

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• Air-shed Controlling acid deposition to protect
  Great Smokey Mountains National Park

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ZNP Zion National Park (593 km2) GSMNP Great
Smoky Mountains National Park (2107 km2) DDBR
Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (6,792 km2) YNP
Yosemite National Park (8,998 km2) DVNP Death
Valley National Park (13,365 km2)
GSMNP
ZNP
DDBR
YNP
DVNP
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• Controlling pesticide use in a fragmented
  landscape

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What are the consequences of not addressing and
managing environmental problemsoutside of
fragments or remnant protected areas?