NUTRITION, METABOLISM

1
NUTRITION, METABOLISM GROWTH of MICROORGANISMS
2
GROWTH of MICROORGANISMS
3
Fig. 6-1
Cell elongation
Septum formation
One generation
Septum
Completion of septum formation of walls
cell separation
4
Fig. 6-2
Outer membrane
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasmic membrane
Divisome complex
FtsZ ring
Cytoplasmic membrane
Division plane
5
Fig. 6-3
Cell wall
Minutes
0
Cytoplasmic membrane
Nucleoid
20
MinE
40
Divisome complex
60
FtsZ ring
Septum
Nucleoid
80
MinE
6
Fig. 6-5
FtsZ ring
Growth zone
Wall bands
Septum
7
Fig. 6-6
8
Fig. 6-7
Growing point of cell wall
Glycosylase activity
Peptidoglycan
Autolysin activity
Cytoplasmic membrane
Out
In
Pentapeptide
Bactoprenol
Transpeptidation
9
TranspeptidationThe Penicillin Target
10
Fig. 6-8
1000
103
Logarithmic
Arithmetic
102
Number of cells (arithmetic scale)
Number of cells (logarithmic scale)
500
10
100
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Time (h)
11
Fig. 6-10
Growth phases
Lag
Exponential
Stationary
Death
1.0
10
0.75
Log10 viable organisms/ml
Optical density (OD)
9
Turbidity (optical density)
0.50
Viable count
8
0.25
7
6
0.1
Time
12
Fig. 6-18
Enzymatic reactions occurring at maximal possible
rate
Optimum
Enzymatic reactions occurring at increasingly
rapid rates
Growth rate
Minimum
Maximum
Temperature
Protein denaturation collapse of the cytoplasmic
membrane thermal lysis
Membrane gelling transport processes so slow
that growth cannot occur
13
Fig. 6-19
Thermophile
Hyperthermophile
Hyperthermophile
Example Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Example Pyrolobus fumarii
Example Thermococcus celer
Mesophile
Example Escherichia coli
60
106
88
Psychrophile
39
Growth rate
Example Polaromonas vacuolata
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Temperature (C)
14
Fig. 6-24
Moles per liter of
pH Example
H
OH
0
Volcanic soils, waters Gastric fluids Lemon
juice Acid mine drainage Vinegar Rhubarb Peaches A
cid soil Tomatoes American cheese Cabbage Peas Cor
n, Salmon, Shrimp Pure water
1
2
Increasing acidity
3
Acidophiles
4
5
6
Neutrality
7
8
Seawater
Very alkaline natural soil Alkaline lakes Soap
solutions Household ammonia Extremely alkaline
soda lakes Lime (saturated solution)
9
10
Increasing alkalinity
Alkaliphiles
11
12
13
14
15
Fig. 6-25
Extreme halophile
Halotolerant
Halophile
Example
Example
Example
Staphylococcus aureus
Alivibrio fischeri
Halobacterium salinarum
Growth rate
Nonhalophile
Example
Escherichia coli
0
NaCl ()
16
Fig. 6-27
Oxic zone
Anoxic zone
17
Table 6-4