Introduction to Biometrics

1
Introduction to Biometrics

• Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham
• The University of Texas at Dallas
• Lecture 13
• Biometric Technologies Some Physiological
  Biometrics
• October 5, 2005

2
Outline

• Summary of Previous Lectures on Biometrics
  Technologies
• Some other biometrics

3
References

• Course Text Book, Chapter
• http//www.biometricsinfo.org/
• http//ctl.ncsc.dni.us/biomet20web/BMRetinal.html
  
• http//www.howstuffworks.com/dna-evidence.htm

4
Summary of Previous Lectures on Biometrics
Technologies

• Fingerprint Scan
• Face Scan
• Iris Scan
• Voice Scan

5
Some Other Biometrics Technologies

• Hand Scam
• Retina Scan
• AFIS (Automated Finger print Identification
  System)
• Multimodal Biometrics
• DNA Biometrics
• Some Behavioral Biometrics
• Signature recognition
• Keystroke Dynamics

6
Hand Scan Introduction

• This biometric approach uses the geometric form
  of the hand for confirming an individuals
  identity.
• Because human hands are not unique, specific
  features must be combined to assure dynamic
  verification.
• Some hand-scan devices measure just two fingers,
  others measure the entire hand.
• Features include characteristics such as finger
  curves, thickness and length the height and
  width of the back of the hand the distances
  between joints and all bone structure.
• Although the bone structure and joints of a hand
  are relatively constant traits, other influences
  such as swelling or injury can disguise the basic
  structure of the hand.

7
Hand Scan Introduction (Concluded)

• To register in a hand-scan system a hand is
  placed on a readers covered flat surface.
• This placement is positioned by five guides or
  pins that correctly situate the hand for the
  cameras.
• A succession of cameras captures 3-D pictures of
  the sides and back of the hand.
• The hand-scan device can process the 3-D images
  in 5 seconds or less and the hand verification
  usually takes less than 1 second.
• Components include Acquisition hardware,
  Matching software, Storage

8
Hand Scan How it works

• Hand geometry scanners such as those made by
  Recognition Systems Inc. take over 90
  measurements of the length, width, thickness, and
  surface area of the hand and four fingers--all in
  just 1 second.
• The technology uses a 32,000-pixel CCD digital
  camera to record the hand's three-dimensional
  shape from silhouetted images projected within
  the scanner.
• The scanner disregards surface details, such as
  fingerprints, lines, scars, and dirt, as well as
  fingernails, which may grow or be cut from day to
  day.
• When a person uses the scanner, it compares the
  shape of the user's hand to a template recorded
  during an enrollment session. If the template and
  the hand match, the scanner produces an
  output--it may unlock a door, transmit data to a
  computer, verify identification, or log the
  person's arrival or departure time.

9
Hand Scan How it works

• During enrollment, which takes approximately 30
  seconds, the user places the right hand in the
  reader three times. The unit's internal processor
  and software convert the hand image to a 9-byte
  mathematical template, which is the average of
  the three readings.
• The user's template may reside in internal memory
  (capable of holding over 27,000 users), or on
  other media such as a hard disk or smart card
  chip.
• As opposed to such technologies as fingerprint,
  voice recognition, and facial recognition, where
  a multitude of vendors compete via their
  proprietary technology, hand geometry technology
  is dominated by one company, Recognition Systems,
  Inc. (RSI)
• Finger geometry is led by Biomet Partners. 

10
Hand Scan How it works (Continued)

• RSI's method for capturing the biometric sample
  is as follows To enroll, the users places his or
  her hand palm down on the reader's surface.
• The user then aligns his or her hand with the
  five pegs designed to indicate the proper
  location of the thumb, forefinger, and middle
  finger.
• Three placements are required to enroll on the
  unit the enrollment template is a representation
  of the most relevant data from the three
  placements.
• RSI's units use a 32,000-pixel CCD (charged
  coupled device) digital camera, inferring the
  length, width, thickness, and surface area of the
  hand and fingers from silhouetted images
  projected within the scanner.

11
Hand Scan How it works (Concluded)

• Over 90 measurements are taken, and the hand and
  fingers' characteristics are represented as a 9
  byte template. source Recognition Systems, Inc.
• Biomet Partners' technology is similar, but draws
  on the shape and characteristics of the index and
  middle finger. The data is saved as a 20 byte
  template. 
• Hand geometry does not perform 1-to-many
  identification, as similarities between hands are
  not uncommon.
• Where hand geometry does have an advantage is in
  its FTE (failure to enroll) rates, which measure
  the likelihood that a user is incapable of
  enrolling in the system. Fingerprint, by
  comparison, is prone to FTE's due to poor quality
  fingerprints facial recognition requires
  consistent lighting to properly enroll a user.

12
Hand Scan Template Generation and Matching

• Distinctive features include height, width,
  thickness of the hand
• Distinctive features of the hand and finger are
  extracted from a series of 3-D images and
  recorded into a small templates
• False matching and false non-matching are
  possible due to the fact that hands may swell and
  undergo changes

13
Hand Scan Applications

• Hand geometry is currently among the most widely
  used biometric technologies, most suitable for
  access control and time and attendance
  applications.
• Hand scan is used reliably at thousands of places
  of employment, universities, apartment buildings,
  and airports - anyplace requiring reasonably
  accurate, non-intrusive authentication. 
• The nature of hand geometry technology is such
  that most projects are fairly small-scale and
  involve only a handful of readers, but there are
  some projects which incorporate dozens of
  readers.

14
Hand Scan Deployments

• INSPASS (Immigration and Naturalization Service
  Passenger Accelerated Service System) project,
  one which allows frequent travelers to circumvent
  long immigration lines at international airports.
• Qualified passengers, after enrolling in the
  service, receive a magstripe card encoded with
  their hand scan information. Instead of being
  processed by passport control personnel, INSPASS
  travelers swipe their card, place their hand, and
  proceed with their I-94 to the customs gate.
• Nearly 50,000 people have enrolled in the
  service, and approximately 20,000 verifications
  take place every month. Travelers from 30
  different countries are qualified to register for
  INSPASS pending budgetary constraints, the
  near-term objective is to rollout the INSPASS
  project to over 20 airports in the U.S. 

15
Hand Scan Market Size

• Hand geometry is projected to be one of the
  slowed growing biometric technology through 2007.
• Because the range of applications in which hand
  geometry is typically limited to access control
  and time and attendance, it will draw a
  progressively smaller percentage of biometric
  revenues.
• Overall, hand geometry revenues are projected to
  grow from 27.7m in 2002 to 97.4m in 2007. Hand
  geometry revenues are expected to comprise
  approximately 2.5 of the entire biometric
  market. 

16
Hand Scan Strengths and Weakness

• Strengths
• Ease of use.
• Resistant to fraud .
• Template size - Using RSI, a template size of 9
  bytes is extremely small
• User perceptions non-intrusive
• Weaknesses
• Static design - largely unchanged for years.
• Cost
• Injuries to hands
• Accuracy, hand geometry, in its current
  incarnation, cannot perform 1-to-many searches,
  but instead is limited to 1-to-1 verification.

17
Retina Scan Overview

• Completely different from Iris Scan
• Camera captures the image of the retina
• Movements affects the images
• Need about 3 5 images for enrollment
• Distinctive features include network of blood
  vessels
• Glaucoma and other conditions may affect retina
  scan
• Template generation process will map the unique
  network of blood vessels into a template
• Template is about 96 bytes
• Usually does one-many identification
• Good for highly secure environments

18
Retina Scan Overview (Concluded)

• Strengths
• Resistance to false matching
• Stable characteristics
• Weakness
• Difficult to use
• User discomfort
• Limited applications

19
Retina Scan Details

• Retinal scanning analyses the layer of blood
  vessels at the back of the eye.
• Scanning involves using a low-intensity light
  source and an optical coupler and can read the
  patterns at a great level of accuracy.
• The user looks through a small opening in the
  device at a small green light. The user must keep
  their head still and eye focused on the light for
  several seconds during which time the device will
  verify his identity. This process takes about 10
  to 15 seconds total.
• There is no known way to replicate a retina, and
  a retina from a dead person would deteriorate too
  fast to be useful, so no extra precautions have
  been taken with retinal scans to be sure the user
  is a living human being.   

20
Retina Scan Details (Continued)

• Retina scan is actually one of the oldest
  biometrics as 1930's research suggested that the
  patterns of blood vessels on the back of the
  human eye were unique to each individual.
• While technology has taken more time than the
  theory to be usable, EyeDentify, founded in 1976,
  developed The Eyedentification 7.5 personal
  identification unit, the first retina scan device
  made for commercial use, in 1984.
• At this time, they are still the primary company
  for retinal scan devices
• Retina scan is used almost exclusively in
  high-end security applications
• It is used for controlling access to areas or
  rooms in military installations, power plants,
  and the like that are considered high risk
  security areas.   

21
Retina Scan Details (Concluded)

•  Retina scan devices are provide accurate
  biometric
• The continuity of the retinal pattern throughout
  life and the difficulty in fooling such a device
  also make it a great long-term, high-security
  option.
• The the cost of the proprietary hardware as well
  as the inability to evolve easily with new
  technology make retinal scan devices a bad fit
  for most situations.
• It also has the stigma of consumer's thinking it
  is potentially harmful to the eye, and in general
  not easy to use.  

22
AFIS

• Automated Fingerprint Identification System
  (AFIS) technology is used in a variety of law
  enforcement and civil applications.
• In law enforcement, fingerprints are collected
  from arrested subjects and searched against
  local, state, regional, and/or national
  fingerprint databases.
• The subject's ten fingerprints are acquired
  either through the traditional ink-and-roll
  method or through an optical livescan system,
  consisting of a sizeable fingerprint scanner, PC,
  and imaging and transmission software
• The electronic fingerprints are submitted, along
  with demographic data, to identify or verify the
  identity of the subject.

23
AFIS (Concluded)

• Searches may take minutes, hours, or days,
  depending on the quality of the information
  submitted, the size of the database being
  searched, and the entity requesting the search.
• Law enforcement searches often return candidate
  lists used to determine which of several possible
  matches is the best match.  
• Most widely used biometric technology
• AFIS is different from fingerprinting systems
• AFIS captures (in addition to templates) and uses
  image analysis algorithm

24
Multimodal Biometrics

• A multimodal biometric system uses multiple
  applications to capture different types of
  biometrics.
• This allows the integration of two or more types
  of biometric recognition and verification systems
  in order to meet stringent performance
  requirements.
• A multimodal system could be, for instance, a
  combination of fingerprint verification, face
  recognition, voice verification and smart-card or
  any other combination of biometrics.
• This enhanced structure takes advantage of the
  proficiency of each individual biometric and can
  be used to overcome some of the limitations of a
  single biometric.

25
DNA Biometrics

• Proving that a suspect's DNA matches a sample
  left at the scene of a crime requires two things
  Creating a DNA profile using basic molecular
  biology protocols Crunching numbers and applying
  the principles of population genetics to prove a
  match mathematically
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes containing
  the DNA blueprint that encodes all the materials
  needed to make up your body as well as the
  instructions for how to run it. One member of
  each chromosomal pair comes from your mother, and
  the other is contributed by your father.
• Every cell in your body contains a copy of this
  DNA While the majority of DNA doesn't differ
  from human to human, some 3 million base pairs of
  DNA (about 0.10 percent of your entire genome)
  vary from person to person.
• The key to DNA evidence lies in comparing the DNA
  left at the scene of a crime with a suspect's DNA
  in these chromosomal regions that do differ.