HPWREN and International Collaborations

1
PRAGMA Grid Lessons Learned
Cindy Zheng, David Abramson, Peter Arzberger,
Shahaan Ayyub, Colin Enticott, Slavisa Garic,
Wojtek Goscinski, Mason J. Katz, Bu Sung Lee,
Phil M. Papadopoulos, Sugree Phatanapherom,
Somsak Sriprayoonsakul, Yoshio Tanaka, Yusuke
Tanimura, Osamu Tatebe, Putchong Uthayopas and
the whole PRAGMA Grid team Pacific Rim
Application and Grid Middleware
Assembly http//www.pragma-grid.net http//goc.pra
gma-grid.net
2
Overview

• PRAGMA
• PRAGMA Grid
• People
• Hardware
• Software
• Operations
• Grid Applications
• Grid Middleware
• Security
• Infrastructure
• Services
• Grid Interoperations

Heterogeneity People Collaborations Integrations
Lessons learned
3
PRAGMA
A Practical Collaborative Framework People and
applications
Overarching Goals
Strengthen Existing and Establish New
Collaborations Work with Science Teams to Advance
Grid Technologies and Improve the Underlying
Infrastructure In the Pacific Rim and Globally
http//www.pragma-grid.net
4
PRAGMA Member Institutions
CRAY PNWG USA
JLU China
KBSI KISTI Konkuk Korea
CNIC China
AIST CCS CMC NARC OsakaU TITech Japan
UUtah USA
UoHyd India
CalIT2 CRBS SDSC UCSD USA
APAN Japan
NCSA StarLight TransPAC2 USA
ASGCC NCHC Taiwan
CICESE Mexico
KU NECTEC TNGC Thailand
APAC Australia
BII IHPC NGO Singapore
BeSTGRID New Zealand
MIMOS USM Malaysia
37 institutions from 12 countries/regions
Founded 2002 Supported by Members
MU Australia
http//www.pragma-grid.net
5
Overview and ApproachProcess to Promote Routine
Use Team Science
Application-Driven Collaborations Applications Mid
dleware
Outcomes Improved middleware Broader Use New
Collaborations Transfer Tech. Standards Publicatio
ns New Knowledge Data Access Education
6
PRAGMA Working Groups

• Bioscience
• Telescience
• Geo-science
• Resources and data
• Grid middleware interoperability
• Global grid usability and productivity
• PRAGMA Grid effort is led by resources and data
  working group, but rely on collaborations and
  contributions among all working groups.

7
PRAGMA Grid
JLU China
AIST OsakaU UTsukuba TITech Japan
NCSA USA
CNIC GUCAS China
AIST
CNIC GUCAS
NCSA
UZH Switzerland
KISTI Korea
BU USA
UZH
UUtah USA
SDSC USA
SDSC
LZU China
LZU
UPRM Puerto Rico
ASGC NCHC Taiwan
UoHyd India
CICESE Mexico
ASGC
CUHK HongKong
UNAM Mexico
CUHK
NECTEC ThaiGrid Thailand
NECTEC ThaiGrid
HCMUT IOIT-HCM Vietnam
ITCR Costa Rica
APAC QUT Australia
IOIT-HCM
MIMOS USM Malaysia
MIMOS
BII IHPC NGO NTU Singapore
UCN Chile
BESTGrid New Zealand
NGO
UChile Chile
MU Australia
32 institutions in 16 countries/regions, 27
compute sites, 14 Gfarm sites ( 6 in preparation)
14 gfarm sites
8
PRAGMA Grid Members and Teamhttp//goc.pragma-gri
d.net/wiki/index.php/Site_status_and_tasks

• Sites
• 23 sites from PRAGMA member institutions
• 15 sites from Non-PRAGMA member institutions
• 27 sites contributed compute clusters
• Team members
• 160 and growing
• one management contact / site
• 13 technical support contact / site
• 14 application drivers / application
• 15/Middleware development teams

9
PRAGMA Grid Compute Resourceshttp//goc.pragma-gr
id.net/pragma-doc/computegrid.html
10
Characteristics of PRAGMA Grid

• Grass-root
• Voluntary contribution
• Open (PRAGMA member or not, pacific rim or not)
• Long-term collaborative working experiment
• Heterogeneous
• Funding
• No uniform infrastructure management
• Variety of sciences and applications
• Site policies, system and network environments
• Realistically tough
• Good for development, collaborations,
  integrations and testing

11
PRAGMA Grid Software Layershttp//goc.pragma-grid
.net/pragma-doc/userguide/join.html
Applications
Phylogenetic

FMO
CSTFT
Savannah
MM5
AMBER
Siesta
Application Middleware
Infrastructure Middleware
Ninf-G
Nimrod/G
Mpich-GX

Gfarm
SCMSWeb
MOGAS
CSF

Globus (required)
Local job scheduler (require one)
SGE
PBS
LSF
SQMS

12
PRAGMA Grid Operations
13
One of the major lessons from PRAGMA Grid, that
everybody has noticed and would agree You have
to Grid People before you can Grid machines 

• Rajesh Chhabra
• Australia

14
Grid Operationhttp//goc.pragma-grid.net,
http//wiki.pragma-grid.net

• Develop and maintain mutual beneficial and happy
  relationships among all people involved
• Geographies, time-zones, languages
• Funding, chain-of-command, priorities
• Mutual benefit, consensus, active leadership
• Coordinator, site contacts
• Collaboration tools
• Mailing lists, VTCs, Skype, semi-annual workshops
  
• Grid Operation Center (GOC)
• Wiki, all sites and application, middleware teams
  collaborate
• Heterogeneity
• Tolerate, technology, overcome and take advantage
• Software inventory instead of software stack
• Many sub-grids for applications
• Recommendation instead of requirements
• Software license

15
Create New Ways To Operate http//goc.pragma-grid
.net, http//wiki.pragma-grid.net

• Lack precedence
• Everyone contributes ideas, suggestions
• Evolving and improving over time
• Everyone document and update (wiki)
• Create new procedures
• New site setup to join PRAGMA Grid
• http//goc.pragma-grid.net/pragma-doc/userguide/jo
  in.html
• New user/application to run in PRAGMA grid
• http//goc.pragma-grid.net/pragma-doc/userguide/pr
  agma_user_guide.html
• Tabulate information
• Application pages, site pages, resources tables,
  status pages
• Publish instructions
• Software deployment procedures, tools

16
Application Driven
17
Applications and Middleware http//goc.pragma-gri
d.net/applications/default.html

• Real science applications paired with and drive
  middleware development
• Open to applications of all scientific
  disciplines
• Achieve long-run and scientific results
• 30 applications in 3 years
• Climate simulation
• Savannah/Nimrod (MU, Australia)
• MM5/Mpich-Gx (CICESE, Mexico KISTI, Korea)
• Quantum-mechanics, quantum-chemistry
• TDDFT, QM-MD, FMO/Ninf-G (AIST, Japan)
• Genomics and meta-genomics
• iGAP/Gfarm/CSF (UCSD, USA AIST, Japan JLU,
  China)
• HPM genomics (IOIT-HCM, Vietnam)
• mpiBlast/Mpich-G2 (ASGC, Taiwan)
• Phylogenetic/Gfarm/CFS (UWisc and UCSD, USA)
• Computational chemistry and fluid dynamics
• CSE-Online (UUtah, USA)
• e-AIRS (KISTI, Korea)
• Gamess-APBS/Nimrod (UZurich, Switzerland)
• Molecular simulation

18
Applications By PRIME Studentshttp//prime.ucsd.e
du/student_collections2007.htm

• Providing UCSD undergraduate students
  international interdisciplinary research
  internships and Cultural experiences since 2004.
• Sample applications ran in PRAGMA grid this year
• Climate modeling
• Multi-walled carbon nanotube and polyethylene
  oxide composite computer visualization model
• Metabolic regulation of ionic currents and pumps
  in rabbit ventricular myocyte model
• Improving binding energy using quantum mechanics
• Cardiac mechanics modeling
• H5N1 simulation
• Shp2 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor
  simulation for cancer research

19
Lessons Learned From Running Applications

• PRAGMA grid and its heterogeneous environment is
  great for
• Testing
• Collaborating
• Integrating
• Sharing
• Not easy
• Middleware needs improvements
• Work in heterogeneous environment
• Fault tolerance
• Need user friendly portals and services
• Automate and integrate
• Information collections (grid monitoring,
  workflow)
• Decisions and executions (scheduling)
• Domain specific easy user interfaces (portals, CE
  tools)

20
Grid Middleware
21
Ninf-G http//ninf.apgrid.org

• Developed by AIST, Japan
• Based on GridRPC model
• Support parallel computing
• OGF standard
• Integrated to NMI release 8 (first non-US
  software in NMI)
• Integrate with Rocks
• 4 applications ran in PRAGMA grid, 2 ran in
  multi-grid
• TDDFT
• QM/MD
• FMO
• CSTFT (UPRM)
• Achieved long runs (50 days)
• Improved fault-tolerance
• Simplified deployment procedures
• Speed-up development cycles

22
Nimrod/Ghttp//www.csse.monash.edu.au/davida/nim
rod

• Developed by Monash University (MU), Australia
• Supports large scale parameter sweeps on Grid
  infrastructure
• Easy user interface Nimrod portals
• MU, Australia
• UZurich, Switzerland
• UCSD, USA
• 3 applications ran in PRAGMA grid and 1 runs in
  multi-grids
• Savanah climate simulation (MU)
• GAMESS/APBS (UZurich)
• Siesta (UZurich)
• Developed interface to Unicore
• Achieved long runs (90 different scenarios of 6
  weeks each
• Improved fault-tolerance (innovate time_step)
• Enhancements in data and storage handling

Description of Parameters PLAN FILE
130pm Tutorial by David Abramson, Blair
Bethwaite
23
Mpich-Gxhttp//www.moredream.org/mpich.htm

• Mpich-GX
• Korea Institute of Science and Technology
  Information (KISTI), Korea
• Based on Mpich-g2
• Grid-enabled MPI, support
• Private IP
• Fault tolerance
• MM5 and WRF
• CICESE, Mexico
• Medium scale atmospheric simulation model
• Experiment
• KGrid
• WRF work well with MPICH-GX
• MM5 experienced scaling problems with MPICH-GX
  when use more than 24 processors in a cluster
• Functionality of the private IP is usable
• Performance of the private IP is reasonable

24
MM5-WRF/Mpich-GX Experiment
Hurricane Marty Simulation
Mpich-GX
Private IP support
Fault Tolerance support
Santana Winds Simulation
KGrid
output
USA
SDSC
CICESE Ensenada
México
eolo
4pm tomorrow Tutorial by Oh-kyoung Kwon
pluto
25
ScienceTechnologiesCollaborationsIntegration
s
26
PRAGMA is a great model and needs to be emulated.
Has helped weaken barriers between different
research groups across different continents and
allowed people to trust and collaborate rather
than compete.

• Arun Agarwal
• UoHyd, India

27
Collaborations With Science and Technology Teams

• Grid security
• Naregi (Japan), APGrid, GAMA (SDSC, USA)
• Grid infrastructure
• Monitoring - SCMSWeb (ThaiGrid, Thailand)
• Accounting - MOGAS (NTU Singapore)
• Metascheduling - Community Scheduler Framework
  (JLU, China)
• Cyber-environment - CSE-Online (UUtah, USA)
• Rocks and middleware (SDSC, USA )
• Ninf-G, SCE, Gfarm, Bio, KRocks, Condor,
• Science, datagrid, sensor, network
• Biosciences Avian Flu, portal,
• Gfarm-fuse (AIST, Japan)
• GEON data network
• GLEON sensor network
• OptIPuter
• High performance networked TDW
• Telescience

28
Grid Security

• Trust in PRAGMA grid, http//goc.pragma-grid.net/p
  ragma-doc/certificates.html
• IGTF distribution
• Non-IGTF distribution (trust all PRAGMA Grid
  sites)
• APGrid PMA
• One of three IGTF founding PMAs
• Many PRAGMA grid sites are members
• PRAGMA CA
• Naregi-CA
• AIST, UCSD, UChile, UoHyd, UPRM
• PRAGMA CA (experimental and production)
• Based on Naregi-CA
• Catch-all CA for PRAGMA
• Production CA is IGTF compliant
• Myproxy and VOMS services
• APAC
• Work with GAMA
• Integrate with Naregi-CA (Naregi, UCSD)
• Integration with VOMS (AIST)
• Add servelet for account management (UChile)

• Lessons learned
• Leverage resources, setups and expertise
• Balance and consider both security and easy
  access and use
• Get more user communities involved with grid
  security

29
Gfarm Grid File Systemhttp//datafarm.apgrid.org

• AIST, UTsukuba, Open source development at
  SourceForge.net
• Grid file system that Federates storage of each
  site
• Meta-server keeps track of file copies and
  locations
• Can be mounted from cluster nodes and clients
  (GfarmFS-FUSE)
• Parallel I/O, near site copy for scalable
  performance
• Replication for fault tolerance
• Use GSI authentication
• Easy application deployment, file sharing

30
PRAGMA Gfarm Datagridhttp//goc.pragma-grid.net/p
ragma-doc/datagrid.html
- Compute Cluster
31
Develop and Test GfarmFS-FUSE in PRAGMA
Gridhttp//goc.pragma-grid.net/wiki/index.php/Res
ources_and_Data

• Testing with applications
• Igap (Gfarm, Japan, UCSD, USA JLU, China)
• Huge number of small files
• High meta-data access overhead
• Meta-data cache server
• Dramatic improvements (44sec -gt 3.54sec)
• AMBER (USM, Malaysia Gfarm, Japan)
• Remote Gfarm meta-server
• Meta-server is bottle-neck
• File sharing permission, security
• 2.0 improved performance
• Use as a shared storage only
• Version 1.4 works well in local or regional grid
• GeoGrid, Japan
• CLGrid, Chile
• Integration
• SCMSWeb (ThaiGrid, Thailand)
• Rocks (SDSC, USA UZH, Switzerland)

32
SCMSWebhttp//www.opensce.org/components/SCMSWeb

• Developed by Kasetsart University and ThaiGrid
• Web-based real-time grid monitoring system
• System usage, Job/queue status
• Probe Globus authentication, job submission,
  gridftp, Gfarm access,
• Network bandwidth measurements with Iperf
• PRAGMA grid geo map
• Support Linux, Solaris. Good meta-view, easy user
  interface, excellent user support
• Develop and test in PRAGMA grid
• Deployed in 27 sites, improve scalability and
  performance
• Sites help with porting to ia64 and Solaris
• Demands push fast expansion of functionalities
• More regional/national grids learned and adopted

33
SCMSWeb Collaborations and Integrations

• Grid Interoperation Now (GIN, OGF)
  http//forge.gridforum.org/sf/wiki/do/viewPage/pro
  jects.gin/wiki/GinOps
• Worked with PRAGMA grid, TeraGrid, OSG, NorduGrid
  and EGEE on GIN testbed monitoring
  http//goc.pragma-grid.net/cgi-bin/scmsweb/probe.c
  gi, added probes to handle various grid service
  configurations/tests.
• Worked with CERN and Implemented a XML-gt LDIF
  translator for GIN geo map http//maps.google.com/
  maps?qhttp//lfield.home.cern.ch/lfield/gin.kml
• Worked with many grid monitor software developers
  on a common schema for cross-grid monitoring
  http//wiki.pragma-grid.net/index.php?titleGIN_2
  8Grid_Inter-operation_Now29_Monitoring
• Software integration and interoperations
• Rocks SCE roll
• MOGAS, grid accounting
• CSE-Online, CSF, provide resource info
• Things are being worked on and planned
• Data federator for grid applications
• Provide site software information
• Standardize data extractions and formats
• Improve data storage with RDBMS
• Interoperate with other monitoring software
• Ganglia support

34
MOGAShttp//ntu-cg.ntu.edu.sg/pragma/index.jsp

• Multi-Organization Grid Accounting System (MOGAS)
• Lead by NanYang University, funded by National
  Grid Office in Singapore
• Build on globus core (gridftp, GRAM, GSI)
• Support GT2,3,4, SGE, PBS
• Job/user/cluster/OU/grid levels usages job logs
  metering and charging tools
• Develop and test in PRAGMA grid
• Deployed on 14 sites different GT versions, job
  schedulers, GRAM scripts, security policies
• Feedbacks, improve, automate deployment procedure
• Decentralized servers and better database to
  improve scalability and performance
• Collaborations and integrations with applications
  and other middleware teams push the development
  of easy database interface

4pm MOGAS tutorial by Francis Lee
35
CSF4http//goc.pragma-grid.net/wiki/index.php/CSF
_server_and_portal

• Community Scheduler Framework, v4
  meta-scheduler
• Developed by Jilin University, China
• Grid services host in GT4, WSRF compliant,
  execution Component in Globus Toolkit 4
• Open Source, http//sourceforge.net/projects/gcsf
• Support GT24, LSF, PBS, SGE, Condor
• Easy user interface - portal
• Testing and collaborating in PRAGMA
• Testing with application iGAP (UCSD, AIST, KISTI,
  )
• Collaborate and integrate with Gfarm on data
  staging (AIST, Japan)
• Setup a CSF server and portal (SDSC, USA)
• Collaborate/integrate with SCMSWeb for resource
  information (Thaigrid, Thailand)
• Leverage resources and global grid testing
  environment

130pm CSF4 Tutorial by Zhao-hui Ding
36
Computational Science Engineering
Onlinehttp//cse-online.net

• Developed by University of Utah, USA (Thanh N.
  Truong)
• Desktop tool, user friendly interface enables
  seamless access to remote data, tools and grid
  computing resources
• Currently support computational Chemistry
• Can be customized for other domain science
• Developed interface to TeraGrid
• Collaborate with ThaiGrid as case study
• Used for Computational workshop
• Extend grid access to portal architecture
• Improved security
• Working on interface PRAGMA grid
• Heterogeneity

Quantum Chemistry
Nano-materials
Drug Design
37
Collaborations with OptIPuterhttp//www.optiputer
.net

• OptIPuter (Optical networking, Internet Protocol,
  computer storage, processing and visualization
  technologies)
• Infrastructure that will tightly couple
  computational resources over parallel optical
  networks using the IP communication mechanism
• central architectural element is optical
  networking, not computers
• enable scientists who are generating terabytes
  and petabytes of data to interactively visualize,
  analyze, and correlate their data from multiple
  storage sites connected to optical networks
• Rocks VIS-roll (SDSC)
• Networked Tile Display Walls (TDW)
• Low cost
• For research collaboration
• For remote education and conferencing
• Deployed in PRAGMA grid
• 9 sites and more to follow
• Future plan
• Global Lambda Integrated Facility (GLIF)
• Solve grid application bandwidth problem

CNIC, China
UCSD, USA
38
Grid Interoperation Now (GIN)http//forge.gridfor
um.org/sf/wiki/do/viewPage/projects.gin/wiki/GinOp
s

• OGF GIN-OPS
• GIN testbed (February, 2006 on-going)
• Application driven
• TDDFT/Ninf-G (PRAGMA - AIST, Japan)
• PRAGMA, TeraGrid, OSG, NorduGrid EGEE
• Savanah fire simulation (PRAGMA Monash
  University, Australia)
• PRAGMA, TeraGrid, OSG
• Multi-Grid monitoring
• SCMSWeb probe matrix (PRAGMA - ThaiGrid,
  Thailand)
• Common schema (PRAGMA, TeraGrid, EGEE, NorduGrid)

39
OSG-PRAGMA Grid Interoperation Experimentshttp//
goc.pragma-grid.net/wiki/index.php/Main_PageGrid_
Inter-operations

• More resources and support from each grid, but no
  special arrangements
• Application long-run
• GridFMO/Ninf-G Large scale quantum Chemistry
  (Tsutomo Ikegami, AIST, Japan)
• 240 CPUs from OSG and PRAGMA grid, 10 days x 7
  calculations
• Fault-tolerance enabled long-run
• Meaningful and usable scientific results

40
Lessons Learned From Grid Interoperation

• Grid interoperation make large scale calculations
  possible
• Differences among grids provide learning,
  collaboration and integration opportunities
• IGTF, VOMS (GIN)
• Common Software Area (TeraGrid)
• Ninf-G (AIST/PRAGMA) interface to NorduGrid
• Nimrod-G (MU/PRAGMA) interface to Unicore (PRIME)
• VDT (OSG) and Rocks (SDSC/PRAGMA) integration
• Differences in grid environment are source of
  difficulties for users and applications
• Different user access setup procedure - take
  extra effort
• Different job submission protocols
• GRAM, Sandbox, gridftp, modified GRAM,
• One-to-one interface building is not scalable,
  nor desirable. Need standard.
• Middleware fault tolerance and flexible resource
  management is important

41
Collaborate in Publishing Research Results

• Some published papers in 2007
• Amaro, RE, Minh DDL, Cheng LS, Lindstrom, WM Jr,
  Olson AJ, Lin JH, Li WW, and McCammon JA.
  Remarkable Loop Flexibility in Avian Influenza N1
  and Its Implications for Antiviral Drug Design.
  J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2007, 129, 7764-7765 (PRIME)
• Choi Y, Jung S, Kim D, Lee J, Jeong K, Lim SB,
  Heo D, Hwang S, and Byeon OH."Glyco-MGrid A
  Collaborative Molecular Simulation Grid for
  e-Glycomics," in 3rd IEEE International
  Conference on e-Science and Grid Computing,
  Banglore, India, 2007. Accepted.
• Ding Z, Wei W, Luo Y, Ma D, Arzberger PW, and Li
  WW, "Customized Plug-in Modules in Metascheduler
  CSF4 for Life Sciences Applications," New
  Generation Computing, p. In Press, 2007.
• Ding Z, Wei S, Ma, D and Li WW, "VJM -- A
  Deadlock Free Resource Co-allocation Model for
  Cross Domain Parallel Jobs," in HPC Asia 2007,
  Seoul, Korea, 2007, p. In Press.
• Görgen K, Lynch H, Abramson D, Beringer J and
  Uotila P. "Savanna fires increase monsoon
  rainfall as simulated using a distributed
  computing environment", to appear, Geophysical
  Research Letters.
• Ichikawa K, Date S, Krishnan S, Li W, Nakata K,
  Yonezawa Y, Nakamura H, and Shimojo S, "Opal OP
  An extensible Grid-enabling wrapping approach
  for legacy applications", GCA2007 - Proceedings
  of the 3rd workshop on Grid Computing
  Applications -, pp.117-127 , Singapore, June 2007
  a. (PRIUS)
• Ichikawa K, Date S, and Shimojo S. A Framework
  for Meta-Scheduling WSRF Based Services,
  Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference
  on Communications, Computers and Signal
  Processing (PACRIM 2007), Victoria, Canada, pp.
  481-484, Aug. 2007 b. (PRIUS)
• Kuwabara S, Ichikawa K, Date S, and Shimojo S. A
  Built-in Application Control Module for SAGE,
  Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference
  on Communications, Computers and Signal
  Processing (PACRIM 2007), Victoria, Canada, pp.
  117-120, Aug. 2007. (PRIUS)
• Takeda S, Date S, Zhang J, Lee BU, and Shimojo S.
  Security Monitoring Extension For MOGAS,
  GCA2007 - Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on Grid
  Computing Applications - , pp.128-137
  Singapore, June 2007. (PRIUS)
• Tilak S, Hubbard P, Miller M, and Fountain T,
  The Ring Buffer Network Bus (RBNB) DataTurbine
  Streaming Data Middleware for Environmental
  Observing Systems," to appear in the Proceedings
  of the e-Science 2007
• Zheng C, Katz M, Papadopoulos P, Abramson D,
  Ayyub S, Enticott C, Garic S, Goscinski W,
  Arzberger P, Lee B S, Phatanapherom S,
  Sriprayoonsakul S, Uthayopas P, Tanaka Y,
  Tanimura Y, Tatebe O. Lesson Learned Through
  Driving Science Applications in the PRAGMA Grid.
  Int. J. Web and Grid Servies, Vol.3, No.3,
  pp287-312. 2007

42
Summary

• PRAGMA grid
• Shared vision lower resistance to use others
  software, test on others resources
• Formed new development collaborations
• Size and heterogeneity, explore issues which
  functional grid must resolve
• Management, resources and software coordination
• Identity and fault management
• Scalability and performance
• Feedback between application and middleware help
  improve software and promote software integration
• Heterogeneous global grid
• Is realistic and challenge
• Can be good for middleware development and
  testing
• Can be useful for real science
• Impact
• Software dissemination (Rocks, Ninf-G, Nimrod,
  SCMSWeb, Naregi-CA, )
• Help new national/regional grids (Chile, Vietnam,
  Hong kong, )
• Key is people, is collaboration

43
A Grass Roots Effort

• One of the most important lessons of the
  Internet is that it grows most successfully where
  grass roots initiatives are encouraged and
  enabled. The Internet has historically grown from
  the bottom up, and this aspect continues to fuel
  its continued growth in the academic and
  commercial sectors.
• Vint Cert, UN Economic and Social Council in 2000

44

• PRAGMA is supported by the National Science
  Foundation (Grant No. INT-0216895, INT-0314015,
  OCI -0627026) and by member institutions
• PRIME is supported by the National Science
  Foundation under NSF INT 04007508
• PRAGMA grid is the result of contributions and
  support from all PRAGMA grid team members

Thank You
http//www.pragma-grid.net http//goc.pragma-grid.
net