Unit 2: Physical Properties of Matter

1
Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter

• Chapters 16 and 17

2
Changes of State

• Matter can exists in different states and can
  change from one state to another when it
  ______________________.
• Change of State (definition)

3
All changes of state involve _____________________
.

• Kinetic Energy
• Thermal Energy
• Temperature
• Heat

4
Kinetic Theory

• explains how the particles in matter behave.
• Describe how the particles of each type of
  matter behave.
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases
• Plasma

5
STATES OF MATTER

• physical form in which a substance can exist

6
States of Matter

• Matter exists in different states and can change
  from one state to another when it gains or
  releases energy.

7
SOLIDS

• 1. Definition-matter that has a definite volume
  and shape.
• 2. Characteristics of Solids
• a. Definite volume
• b. Definite shape
• 3. Type of Solids
• a. Crystalline Solidparticles are arranged in
  an orderly
• structure called a crystal.
• Examples salt, sugar, sand, ice
• B. Amorphous Solidparticles are found in a
  random
• 
  arrangement.
• Ex
  rubber, glass, wax

8
LIQUIDS

• 1. Definition matter that has a definite volume,
  but not a
• definite shape.
• 2. Characteristics of Liquids
• a. Takes the shape of its container.
• b. Particles are close together, but can flow
  or move past
• one another.
• 3. Surface Tension the effect of the uneven,
  attractive forces
• acting on the particles at the surface of a
  liquid.
• seems like a thin film is stretched across the
  surface
• can pull small amounts of liquid into dropsrain,
  dew
• Example drops of water on a penny
• 4. Viscosity a liquids resistance to flow
  depends on the force
• of attraction between the
  particles of the liquid.
• Strongparticles move less freelymore
  viscous--molasses
• Weakparticles move more freelyless viscoussyrup

9
Principles of Fluids

• Archimedes why certain objects float
• Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid
  displaced by the object
• Pg 498 figure 14 shows how density and design
  cause a ship to float
• Pascal Pressure
• Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted
  through out the fluid
• Example Hydraulics
• P F/A Pressure Force/Area
• Bernoullis speed and Pressure
• As the velocity of a fluid increases the pressure
  decreases
• Example Airplanes

10
Gases

• Definition matter that does not have a definite
  volume or a definite shape.
• Characteristics of Gases
• a. Particles move very rapidly in all directions
• b. Particles are spread out to fill a container
• c. Takes the volume and shape of the container
• d. Gas particles overcome the attractive forces
  between
• particles
• e. Diffusion-spreading of particles throughout a
  given volume until they become evenly
  distributed

11
Gas Pressure

• a. Force-a push or pull
• b. Pressure-force exerted on a surface divided by
  the total area
• Pressure Force/Area (P F/A)
• c. Pascal (pa)-SI unit used to measure pressure
  (N/m2)
• U.S. Units - PSI

12
Gas Laws

• Boyles Law-
• The volume of a gas increases as its pressure
  decreases for a fixed amount of gas at a constant
  temperature.
• P increases--V decreases P decreasesV
  increases
• Inverseley related
• Graph of Boyles Law
• Charless Law-
• The volume of a gas increases as its temperature
  increases for a fixed amount of gas.
• V increasesT increases V decreasesT
  decreases
• Directly related
• Graph of Charless Law

13
Classification of Matter

• We can classify matter by its composition and/or
  by its properties.

14
Composition of Matter

• All matter is either a pure substance or a
  mixture of substances.
• Substance either an element or a compound
• Define
• Element
• Compound

15
Mixtures

• A mixture is a material made up of 2 or more
  substances.
• There are 2 types of Mixtures
• Heterogeneous mixtures 2 or more different
  substances that can be separated out
• Homogeneous mixtures 2 or more substances that
  can not be separated.
• Suspension a heterogeneous mixture that settles
  
• Example Sand in a river
• Colloids a heterogeneous mixture that never
  settles
• Examples fog, smoke, milk
• Solutions a homogeneous mixture that the
  particles are so small that they can not be seen
  with a microscope
• Examples soft drinks, jello