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BIOLOGY

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B. Evolution- the common ancestry and changes over time in ... Phylum - Chordata. Subphylum- Vertebrata. Class- Mammalia. Order- Carnivora. Family- Felidae ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: BIOLOGY


1
BIOLOGY
  • Introductory Comments and
  • The Scientific Method

2
  • Biology is the study of life

3
Two of the unifying ideas of biology
  • A. Cells basic units of life
  • B. Evolution- the common ancestry and changes
    over time in response to Natural Selection (the
    mechanism of evolution in Classic Darwinian
    Evolution).

4
  • Properties that are shared by all
  • living organisms

5
Order
  • Each organism possesses a highly ordered
    structure even if they may seem simplistic (like
    prokaryotic cells or single-celled eukaryotic
    organisms).

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Growth, development, and reproduction
  • All living organisms reproduce and pass their DNA
    from parent to offspring. DNA then directs the
    pattern of growth and development

8
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9
Regulation
  • Living organisms have regulatory mechanisms that
    function in the coordination of the organisms
    functions

10
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11
Response to stimuli (sensitivity)
  • All organisms respond to internal and external
    stimuli.

12
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13
Energy processing
  • All living organisms obtain and then transform
    energy into a usable form (ATP

14
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15
Homeostasis
  • All organisms are capable of maintaining a
    relatively stable internal environment

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Evolutionary adaptation
  • Living organisms adapt to their environments

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The hierarchy of living organisms
  • Is based on structural levels with each level
    building on the levels below it.
  • With each step upward in the hierarchy there are
    new properties that are not present at the
    previous level (emergent properties).
  • Emergent properties are due to the arrangement
    and interactions of parts as complexity increases

20
  • Atoms and compounds
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Individual

21
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere

22
Molecules
23
Subcellular structures
24
Cell
25
Tissue
26
Organ
27
Organ System
28
Organism
29
Population
30
Community
  • The cats, mice, grass, insects etc. that all live
    in a given area

31
Ecosystem
  • The living organisms of the community the
    abiotic factors that affect them

32
Biosphere
33
  • Taxonomy
  • The classification of organisms in an ordered
    system that indicates natural relationships.

34
History
  • Linneaus suggested two kingdoms Plant Kingdom
    and Animal Kingdom
  • Then there were three Plant, Animal, and
    Bacteria
  • In 1969, Whittaker proposed the five Kingdom
    system (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and
    Animalia).
  • Then there were six adding Archeabacteria to
    Whittakers system.

35
Currently
  • There are three domains and a push to divide the
    protists into multiple Kingdoms

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Classification
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • species
  • Genus species (maybe subspecies) makes up the
    Scientific name

38
  • So for a domestic cat
  • Domain- Eucarya
  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Phylum - Chordata
  • Subphylum- Vertebrata
  • Class- Mammalia
  • Order- Carnivora
  • Family- Felidae
  • Genus- Felis
  • Species- catus

39
How to write a scientific name
  • Felis catus
  • Or
  • Felis catus
  • After first use (but not at the beginning of a
    sentence)
  • F. catus or F. catus

40
Science as a process
41
Scientific discoveries are basically made by
using one of two methodologies.
  • Discovery science. Discovery science is also
    known as descriptive science. This involves
    observing and documenting phenomena without
    experimentation.
  • Hypo-deductive Science. Using the Scientific
    Method

42
The Scientific Method
  • Ask a question and refine it
  • Propose Hypotheses
  • Null
  • Alternative
  • Design experiment care is essential here to
    prevent bias
  • Carry out experiment
  • Analyze the results
  • Interpret the results and share the info with
    others- oral presentation and/or paper
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