Title: Introductions and Interrupters
1Introductions and Interrupters
- Two additions to the common sentence,
- plus irregular verb form errors.
2Whats an introductory phrase?
- At times, an introductory phrase is a good way to
add information to a clause. - ? To Navy Seals, swimming in rough seas is good
sport. - In formal writing, the introductory phrase is
separated from the main clause with a comma. - ? With its bright red paint, the Corvette
quickly caught the attention of the traffic
policeman.
How introductions go.
3Where do we insert commas?
- After which word is a comma needed?
- At first I did not see the need to know CPR as a
lifeguard. - To most surfers around the world the fear of
shark attack is of little concern. - For the very first time in our history we have
more automobiles than adults. - More often than not there is more traffic in the
evening than in the morning.
Is there a time shift here?
Is Jack a good lifeguard?
4Where we inserted the commas
- After which word is a comma needed?
- At first, I did not see the need to know CPR as a
lifeguard. - To most surfers around the world, the fear of
shark attack is of little concern. - For the very first time in our history, we have
more automobiles than adults. - More often than not , there is more traffic in
the evening than in the morning.
Is there a time shift here?
Is Jack a good lifeguard?
5To what should introductions refer?
- Introductory phrases work best when they help to
explain the subjects of clauses. - Who Being Chuck Norris, he could do
- his own stunts for the show.
- What Big and strong, the SUV survived
- the fierce tornado.
- Where In Asia, the rickshaw is used
- for cheap transportation.
- When In 1993, US traffic was half of
- the traffic volume in 2003.
- Why With little gas, the barbeque
- grill wouldnt ignite.
- How By adding more gas, the man got
- the grill to fire up.
Will there be another stunt after this one?
6Can you match phrases to clauses?
- a. Elena got enough money to buy a car.
- b. aqua lungs have eased deep sea diving.
- c. the blackout lasted for most of the night.
- d. the Rocky Mountains delight millions of
tourists. - e. John had little trouble making the basketball
team.
__1. Standing 69, __2. Caused by too many
people running their air conditioners, __3. By
saving 100 a week, __4. Consisting of air and a
breathing tube, __5. With deep snow and thick
clouds,
Is there a time shift here?
7Can you match phrases to clauses?
- a. Elena got enough money to buy a car.
- b. aqua lungs have eased deep sea diving.
- c. the blackout lasted for most of the night.
- d. the Rocky Mountains delight millions of
tourists. - e. John had little trouble making the basketball
team.
_e_1. Standing 69, _c_2. Caused by too many
people running their air conditioners, _a_3. By
saving 100 a week, _b_4. Consisting of air and
a breathing tube, _d_5. With deep snow and thick
clouds,
Is there a time shift here?
8What about sentence modifiers?
- We add variety to writing is to begin a sentence
with an introductory word. - ? Well, I might buy a scooter instead of an
automobile. - ? Certainly, Berry College costs thousands more
than Dalton State does. - Formal writing places a comma after the sentence
modifier.
Which introductory word did Billy use?
9Can you match type to example?
- To introduce affirmative or negative reply.
- To address someone by name.
- To express surprise or wonderment.
- To express a contrast.
- To express a contemplative pause.
__1. However, Starbucks is closing 600 of its
outlets nationally. __2. Well, there are other
ways to fill a gas tank. __3. Yes, you could get
a job at Dalton State. __4. Oh, what a great
benefit Hope offers college students! __5.
Richie, how far is your car from this room?
10You can match type to example
- To introduce affirmative or negative reply.
- To address someone by name.
- To express surprise or wonderment.
- To express a contrast.
- To express a contemplative pause.
_d_1. However, Starbucks is closing 600 of its
outlets nationally. _e_2. Well, there are other
ways to fill a gas tank. _a_3. Yes, you could get
a job at Dalton State. _c_4. Oh, what a great
benefit Hope offers college students! _b_5.
Richie, how far is your car from this room?
11How do we add interrupters?
- Another way to add variety to simple sentences is
to add an interrupter. - Writers put commas before and after interrupting
expressions. - ? The fans, upset by the upsetting loss, booed
the team loudly. - ? The head coach, however, shouted wildly at his
players, for he was concerned about losing his
job.
Why dont coaches mind the players getting hit?
12Where do all the commas go?
- Before and after which words are commas needed?
- World War II naturally was a major global
conflict. - The US and Japan unfortunately fought for control
of the Pacific region. - Poor relations meanwhile developed between the
two nations. - Japan therefore attacked the US fleet at Pearl
Harbor in 1942. - The US Congress consequently voted for the nation
to enter the war.
Could the interrupters be moved or removed
without ruining the sentences?
13Place commas after the subjects
- These interrupters occur just after the subjects
- World War II, naturally, was a major global
conflict. - The US and Japan, unfortunately, fought for
control of the Pacific region. - Poor relations, meanwhile, developed between the
two nations. - Japan, therefore, attacked the US fleet at Pearl
Harbor in 1942. - The US Congress, consequently, voted for the
nation to enter the war.
Could the interrupters be moved or removed
without ruining the sentences?
14Which errors occur in irregular verbs?
- Present verb used for the past verb
- Then she run there.
- Then she ran there.
- They came to me.
- They come to me.
- Over-regularized past tense verbs
- Everyone knowed him.
- Everyone knew him.
- They drank Cokes.
- They drinked Cokes.
- 1. Past verb used for a past participle
- I had went down.
- I had gone down.
- She has taken it.
- She has took it.
- Past participle used for a past verb
- He done the work.
- He did the work.
- She saw it there.
- She seen it there.
Is there a time shift here?
15Here are the correct verb forms
- Present verb used for the past verb
- Then she run there.
- Then she ran there.
- They came to me.
- They come to me.
- Over-regularized past tense verbs
- Everyone knowed him.
- Everyone knew him.
- They drank Cokes.
- They drinked Cokes.
- 1. Past verb used for a past participle
- I had went down.
- I had gone down.
- She has taken it.
- She has took it.
- Past participle used for a past verb
- He done the work.
- He did the work.
- She saw it there.
- She seen it there.
Is there a time shift here?
16What errors are in irregular verbs?
- The policeman had seen the arsonist once.
- The policeman saw the arsonist once.
- Jason wrote the essay yesterday.
- Jason had wrote the essay yesterday.
- Marisa took the test twice last week.
- Marisa had took the test twice last week.
- Which verb choice is the right one?
- For a long time, some have known that 9/11 was a
horrible hoax. - For a long time, some knew that 9/11 was a
horrible hoax. - Eva saw Josie many times this year.
- Eva has seen Josie many times this year.
Is there a time shift here?
17Here are the correct verb choices
- The policeman had seen the arsonist once.
- The policeman saw the arsonist once.
- Jason wrote the essay yesterday.
- Jason had wrote the essay yesterday.
- Marisa took the test twice last week.
- Marisa had took the test twice last week.
- These verb choices are the right ones
- For a long time, some have known that 9/11 was a
horrible hoax. - For a long time, some knew that 9/11 was a
horrible hoax. - Eva saw Josie many times during this year.
- Eva has seen Josie many times during this year.
Is there a time shift here?
18What errors are in irregular verbs?
- The policeman had seen the arsonist once.
- The policeman saw the arsonist once.
- Jason wrote the essay yesterday.
- Jason had wrote the essay yesterday.
- Marisa took the test twice last week.
- Marisa had took the test twice last week.
- Which verb choice is the right one?
- For a long time, some have known that 9/11 was a
horrible hoax. - For a long time, some knew that 9/11 was a
horrible hoax. - Eva saw Josie many times this year.
- Eva has seen Josie many times this year.
Is there a time shift here?
19What other verbal errors exist?
- The wrong use of was for were
- We was home.
- We were home.
- But I wasnt there.
- But I wasnt there.
- The misuse of negation
- It wasnt anything.
- It wasnt nothing.
- Dont nobody like him.
- Nobody likes him.
- I wont there then.
- I wasnt there then.
- The wrong deletion of has and have
- I been there before.
- Ive been there before.
- He been there too.
- Hes been there too.
- The wrong deletion of is and are
- You know she nice.
- You know shes nice.
- Theyre acting silly.
- They acting silly.
Is there a time shift here?
20Here are the correct choices
- The wrong use of was for were
- We was home.
- We were home.
- But I wasnt there.
- But I werent there.
- The misuse of negation
- It wasnt anything.
- It wasnt nothing.
- Dont nobody like him.
- Nobody likes him.
- I wont there then.
- I wasnt there then.
- The wrong deletion of has and have
- I been there before.
- Ive been there before.
- He been there too.
- Hes been there too.
- The wrong deletion of is and are
- You know she nice.
- You know shes nice.
- Theyre acting silly.
- They acting silly.
Is there a time shift here?
21What are some adverbs errors?
- Using whenever for when
- Whenever I lost my dad a few years ago.
- When I lost my dad a few years ago.
- Using but for only
- He aint but fifteen.
- He is only fifteen.
- Dropping the adverb marker ly
- Im frightfully scared.
- Im frightful scared.
- Which ones are right?
- Misplacing adverb phrases
- We once in a while have floods.
- We have floods once in a while.
- Using anymore for nowadays
- We have lots of floods anymore.
- We have lots of floods nowadays.
Is there a time shift here?
22Here are the correct alternates
- Using whenever for when
- Whenever I lost my dad a few years ago.
- When I lost my dad a few years ago.
- Using but for only
- He aint but fifteen.
- He is only fifteen.
- Dropping the adverb marker ly
- Im frightfully scared.
- Im frightful scared.
- Which ones are right?
- Misplacing adverb phrases
- We once in a while have floods.
- We have floods once in a while.
- Using anymore for nowadays
- We have lots of floods anymore.
- We have lots of floods nowadays.
Is there a time shift here?