GOAL TWO 2.01

1
GOAL TWO2.01

• Expansion and Reform (1801-1850)
• The learner will assess the competing forces of
  expansionism.
• Analyze the effects of territorial expansion and
  the admission of new states to the Union 1801 to
  1850.

2
Missouri Compromise

• (March 3, 1820), legislation dealing with the
  extension of slavery to new areas of the country.
  When Missouri applied for admission to the Union,
  the balance of slave and free states was eleven
  each, which meant that slave and free states had
  equal representation in the Senate. Admitting
  Missouri as a slave state would upset that
  balance of power.

3
Missouri Compromise

• The opportunity for a compromise came when Maine
  requested admission as a free state, allowing the
  Senate to admit Missouri as a slave state and
  maintain the balance. In addition, the agreement
  prohibited slavery in the territory of the
  Louisiana Purchase north of 3630' latitude. The
  Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the Missouri
  Compromise.

4
The Indian Removal Act

• Signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830 which
  forced the resettlement of Native Americans from
  the eastern coast of the U.S. to land
  reservations west of the Mississippi River.

5
Sequoyah

• (1770?-1843), Cherokee silversmith who developed
  a written alphabet for his people. Sequoyah's
  system, completed in 1821 and consisting of over
  eighty symbols, enabled thousands of Cherokees to
  read and write in their own language. The giant
  sequoia tree and Sequoia National Park are named
  for him.

6
Worchester v. Georgia (1832)

• The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no
  jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia
  refused to enforce decision and President Jackson
  didn't support the Court.

7
Trail of Tears

• the name given to the forced journey of the
  Cherokees from Georgia to Indian Territory
  (modern-day Oklahoma) during the 1830s. Although
  Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Indians
  had a right to stay in Georgia, President Andrew
  Jackson ordered their removal under the terms of
  the Indian Removal Act of 1830, intended to
  provide more land for white settlement. Under the
  supervision of Gen. Winfield Scott, the U.S. Army
  uprooted thousands of Indians from their homes,
  stripped them of their possessions, and herded
  them west on foot. About four thousand died on
  the long journey through summer heat and winter
  snow. The Trial of Tears became a national
  monument in 1987.

8
The Alamo

• site of a battle during the war for Texas
  independence from Mexico. Located in the center
  of San Antonio, the structure, originally built
  as a Catholic mission, was occasionally used for
  military purposes after about 1790. In opposing
  the Texas War for Independence (1835-36), Mexican
  Gen. Santa Anna and some 3,000 to 4,000 troops
  conducted a thirteen-day siege of the Alamo,
  where 187 Texans had retreated.

9
The Alamo

• From February 23 to March 6, 1836, the force led
  by William B. Travis and James Bowie defended the
  fortress with limited supplies and ammunition. On
  March 6 the Mexicans stormed the fort and killed
  all defenders, including frontiersman Davy
  Crockett. Women, children, and a black slave were
  spared. The heroic resistance of the defenders
  galvanized Texans. Six weeks later, led by Sam
  Houston and shouting "Remember the Alamo!" they
  defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto
  and won their independence.

10
Election of 1844

• James K. Polk - Democrat. Henry Clay - Whig.
  James G. Birney - Liberty Party. Manifest Destiny
  Issues The annexation of Texas and the
  reoccupation of Oregon. Tariff reform. Third
  party's impact was significant. James G. Birney
  drew enough votes away from Clay to give Polk New
  York, and thus the election.

11
Texas Annexation

• U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution
  - both houses of Congress supported annexation
  under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly
  before leaving office.

12
54-40 or Fight!

• The Democratic slogan for the Election of 1844.
  It stated the Northern boundary line in which
  America was willing to fight Britain over in the
  Oregon Territory.

13
Mexican War

• (1846-48), conflict between the United States and
  Mexico. The revolt and declaration of
  independence of Texas from Mexico in 1836
  eventually resulted in the annexation of Texas to
  the Union in 1845. Mexico refused to recognize
  the annexation and disputed the boundary of the
  Rio Grande. After a still-controversial incident
  along the border, President James K. Polk, a
  proponent of expansionism and manifest destiny,
  asked Congress for a declaration of war. He sent
  Gen. Zachary Taylor to invade northern Mexico.
  Col. Stephen Kearny led U.S. troops to take New
  Mexico and California, and Gen. Winfield Scott
  led his forces to capture Vera Cruz and Mexico
  City.

14
Mexican War

• All three campaigns were successful.The Treaty of
  Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war on February 2,
  1848. Mexico ceded all claims to Texas, and the
  United States acquired the lands known as the
  Mexican Cession it also agreed to assume
  outstanding claims of American citizens against
  Mexico. The acquisition of new lands intensified
  the slavery controversy in the United States,
  raising the question of whether the territories
  should be slave or free. The debate raged for
  twelve years, culminating in the Civil War.
  Participants in the later conflict who received
  firsthand experience in the Mexican War included
  Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman,
  George B. McClellan, Robert E. Lee, Stonewall
  Jackson, and Jefferson Davis.

15
Wilmot Proviso

• (August 8, 1846), an amendment to President James
  K. Polk's 2 million appropriations bill to
  negotiate peace with Mexico during the Mexican
  War. The measure, introduced in the House of
  Representatives by antislavery Democrat David
  Wilmot of Pennsylvania, would have prohibited
  slavery in any newly acquired territory. The
  House approved the declaration in 1847, but it
  failed to pass in the southern-dominated Senate.
  The proviso was unsuccessfully attached to many
  subsequent bills and led to bitter debate over
  the issue of slavery in the territories, becoming
  a plank in the platforms of the Free-Soil and
  Republican parties.

16
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• (February 2, 1848), peace treaty ending the
  Mexican War. Under its terms the United States
  received the Mexican Cession, which included
  California and New Mexico and Utah Territories.
  In return the United States paid 15 million to
  Mexico and agreed to settle over 3 million in
  American claims against Mexico. Mexico also
  recognized the prior annexation of Texas into the
  Union in 1845 and agreed to the Rio Grande as the
  boundary between Texas and Mexico.

17
49ers

• adventurers and gold-seekers who went to
  California in 1849 after hearing of the discovery
  of gold at Sutter's mill in 1848. Forty-niners
  came from the eastern United States and from all
  parts of the world. Most traveled in covered
  wagons across the plains, but many came by water
  around Cape Horn, which took six months. Others
  went by ship to the Isthmus of Panama, crossed
  over the isthmus, and continued on to California
  by boat. The forty-niners dramatically increased
  the population of California, displacing many
  smaller Native American groups and hastening the
  admittance of the state into the Union.

18
Stephen Austin

• (1793-1836), political leader. Austin carried out
  the plans of his father to colonize three hundred
  American families in Mexican-owned Texas,
  establishing the first authorized American
  settlement there in 1822. He became a Mexican
  citizen and administered the colony wisely,
  expanding his settlement by an additional nine
  hundred families. He was largely responsible for
  the law allowing slavery in Texas. Austin asked
  Mexico for a separate government for Texas in
  1833. Falsely accused and imprisoned as a
  revolutionary, he returned to Texas in 1835 to
  find the citizens on the verge of revolt. Austin
  briefly commanded the Texas volunteers during the
  Texas War for Independence and sought support
  from the United States. After the Lone Star
  Republic was established in 1836, Sam Houston
  defeated Austin to become the first president of
  Texas. Austin served briefly as secretary of
  state of Texas before his death.

19
Gadsden Purchase

• (December 30, 1853), a strip of land in the
  southwestern part of the United States acquired
  from Mexico for 10 million. Arranged by James
  Gadsden, U.S. minister to Mexico, the land was
  purchased to facilitate a direct railroad route
  to southern California.

20
Lewis and Clark

• (1804-06), a venture commissioned by President
  Thomas Jefferson to explore the wilderness area
  in the territory acquired by the Louisiana
  Purchase. In the spring of 1804 the party, led by
  Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, left St.
  Louis, Missouri. They traveled up the Missouri
  River, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and followed
  the Snake and Columbia rivers to the Pacific
  Ocean. They were guided by Sacajawea, a Shoshone
  woman, for part of their journey. When they
  returned to St. Louis in 1806, they had
  accumulated a vast store of information about
  topical features, natural resources, plant and
  animal life, and the Indians of the territory.

21
Oregon Trail

• chief overland route from Missouri to the Pacific
  Northwest followed by fur traders and pioneers
  during the 1840s and 1850s. The two-thousand-mile
  journey took about six months for the average
  wagon train. Beginning in Independence, Missouri,
  settlers traveled northwest along the Platte and
  North Platte rivers to South Pass, where the
  journey through the Rocky Mountains led them to
  the Snake River. They left the Snake to cross the
  Blue Mountains and join the Columbia River to the
  Willamette Valley or Fort Vancouver. Use of the
  Oregon Trail declined with the completion of the
  transcontinental railroad in 1869.