Midterm 3

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Midterm 3

• Wow, great job!
• Midterm 1 mean 52/64 81
• Midterm 2 mean 52/64 81
• Midterm 3 mean 56/64 87
• 90 A
• 80 B
• 70 C
• Below 70 D

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Were (Psychology Club) watching Fight Club!

• When Wednesday, Nov. 16thWhere Minard 138
  (Annex)When 500pmWe will have FREE pizza, pop
  and popcorn!Come join us and bring your friends!

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Aggression (Myers chapter 10)

• Overview of lecture
• 1. Quiz on aggression
• 2. Aggression is common today on the rise (some
  facts)
• 3. Definition of aggression
• 4. Theories of aggression
• 5. Short argument for gun control

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Quiz on Aggression

• 1. Data on war related deaths suggests that we
  have reason for optimism in the 21st century?

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Quiz on Aggression

• 1. Data on war related deaths suggests that we
  have reason for optimism in the 21st century?
• False
• War related murders are escalating dramatically

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Quiz on Aggression

• 2. Strong evidence suggests human aggression is
  largely instinctive.

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Quiz on Aggression

• 2. Strong evidence suggests human aggression is
  largely instinctive.
• False
• There are plenty of social-cultural factors
  involved
• In fact, most theories of aggression today
  de-emphasize instinct

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Quiz on Aggression

• 3. Strong evidence suggests that the death
  penalty is a deterrent to violent crime.

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Quiz on Aggression

• 3. Strong evidence suggests that the death
  penalty is a deterrent to violent crime.
• False
• States with death penalty are often more violent,
  rather than less violent
• When committing violent crime, deterrents are far
  from mind

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Quiz on Aggression

• 4. Merely watching others act aggressively can
  lead to aggressive actions.

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Quiz on Aggression

• 4. Merely watching others act aggressively can
  lead to aggressive actions.
• True
• There is a lot of evidence that viewing violence
• Begets violence

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Quiz on Aggression

• 5. Southerners commit more murders than
  Northerners.

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Quiz on Aggression

• 5. Southerners commit more murders than
  Northerners.
• True
• Homicides are higher in the South
• Heat?
• Culture of honor?
• Will discuss next time

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Quiz on Aggression

• 6. Watching TV violence actually reduces pent-up
  violent urges.

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Quiz on Aggression

• 6. Watching TV violence reduces pent-up violent
  urges.
• False
• Viewing violent TV increases rather than
  decreases aggression
• Violence is modeled
• Violence is more accessible

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Problems of violence around the world
• (1) Britain, 84 increase in violent crime 1985
  to 1995
• (2) neo-Nazis in Germany
• On the rise
• Harassing Turkish immigrants

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Problems of violence around the world
• (3) Rwanda
• 750,000 people killed in one summer of 1994
• Including half of Tutsi population!

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Problems of violence around the world
• (4) United states
• Juvenile arrests/100,000
• 200 in 1960
• 600 in 1975
• 1000 in 1995
• Slight drop to 2000
• 5 x increase from 1960 to 1995!

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Problems of violence around the world
• (4) United states
• School shootings from 1997-1999
• Kentucky
• Mississippi
• Oregon
• Colorado

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(No Transcript)
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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Problems of violence around the world
• (4) world
• 2 billion/day on arms
• Last century
• 250 wars
• 110 million killed
• More than combined population of France, Belgium,
  Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Finland

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• (4) world bloodiest century

120
Millions killed in war
0
16th 17th 18th 19th
20th
century
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Aggression (4) World On an average day, about
95,000 crimes are committed and about 50 people
are murdered. Back to USA..
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Among industrialized countries, the U.S. is one
of the most violent . . .
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The U.S. is certainly not the most violent place
to live . . .
(1994)
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Chapter 10 Aggression

• What is aggression?
• Aggression physical or verbal behavior intended
  to hurt someone
• Excludes
• Auto accidents
• Dental treatments
• Includes
• Slaps
• Insults
• Gossip that is aimed to damage reputation
• Type of aggression..

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Types of aggression
• Hostile
• Springs from anger
• Primarily goal is to hurt
• hot
• Instrumental
• Aggression in service of other goal
• robbery
• Liberating Kuwait (100,000 Iraqis killed)
• Cold
• Focus on murders..

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Murders
• Most are hostile or hot
• 1/2 from arguments
• Others involve alcohol or narcotics
• Some involve romantic triangles or brawls
• Not rational rather impulsive
• The explanation for why death penalty is not a
  deterrent
• Examples of aggression?..

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Quiz on Aggression

• Aggression physical or verbal behavior intended
  to hurt someone
• 1. A murderer is executed under Utahs capital
  punishment law.
• 2. A father spanks his disobedient 6 year old.
• 3. A woman shoots mace at her would-be-rapist.
• 4. A frustrated wife yells at her messy slob of
  a husband.
• 5. A man passes rumors about his rivals sexual
  transgressions.
• 6. Two girls sneak out at night and TP their
  mutual friends front yard.
• 7. Two people have a heated argument about
  politics.
• 8. A lover uses whips and chains in sexual
  activity.

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Theories of aggression
• (1) biologically rooted drive
• (2) natural response to frustration
• (3) learned behavior

More biology
More social
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Aggression

• 3 perspectives on aggression
• As innate
• Emphasizes biology
• As elicited drive
• Emphasizes biology
• Emphasizes social factors
• As socially learned behavior
• Emphasizes social factors

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Aggression

• Aggression as innate
• Original sin
• William Golding, Lord of the Flies
• Freud
• Konrad Lorenz

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Aggression

• Aggression as innate
• Original sin
• Christian concept
• Humans born flawed
• In part, tendencies towards aggression as part of
  imperfection

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Aggression

• Aggression as innate
• William Golding, Lord of the Flies
• Young men marooned on island
• As societal restrictions fade away
• They revert to more natural state of being
  barbarity
• Without social restrictions, man is a beast

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Aggression

• Aggression as innate
• Freud
• Libido
• drive for pleasure
• Constructive force in human behavior
• Thanatos
• Drive for death, destruction
• Leads to war
• Leads to aggression against others

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Aggression

• Aggression as innate
• Konrad Lorenz
• Aggressive instinct part of evolutionary heritage
• Aggression has survival value
• It spreads out members of species
• It also allows individuals to gain more resources
  at the expense of others

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Aggression

• Aggression as innate
• Konrad Lorenz
• In most animals
• Aggression is common
• But rarely is it lethal
• In humans
• Humans have never had body tools that promote
  killing fangs, massive body weight, etc.
• Today, technology has outstripped natural
  inhibitions
• Aggression is often lethal

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Aggression

• Aggression as innate
• Relatively pessimistic about controlling
  aggression
• Its part of the human condition
• It will emerge

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Aggression

• Aggression as elicited drive
• Innate drive social trigger
• Frustration-aggression hypothesis
• Frustration state where goals thwarted
• Frustration seen as necessary
• Must be present for aggression to occur
• Frustration seen as sufficient
• If frustrated, aggression ensues

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Aggression

• Aggression as elicited drive
• Problem with frustration-aggression hypothesis
• Sometimes frustrated individuals are not
  aggressive
• they may become depressed instead
• Some people become frustrated, but are capable of
  inhibiting (frontal lobes)
• However, this theory does give a role to
  situational factors

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Aggression

• Social/situational perspective
• De-emphasis on innate
• De-emphasize on drive states
• Increased emphasis on
• Situational cues (e.g., presence of guns)
• Social learning (e.g., watching violent TV)
• Weapons effect..

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Aggression

• Situational cues to aggression
• Berkowitz LePage
• Weapons effect
• Given opportunity to shock
• Higher shocks if guns in room (vs. badminton
  rackets)

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Aggression

• Situational cues to aggression
• Arguments for gun control
• Guns increase aggression
• NRA says Guns dont kill people. People kill
  people.
• True in a sense that someone pulls the trigger
• However, untrue in sense that presence of gun
  does make lethal aggression more likely

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Aggression

• Arguments for gun control (situational
  perspective)
• USA 8000 gun-related deaths/year
• Britain 8 deaths
• Japan 46 deaths
• Canada 5 deaths

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Aggression

• Arguments for gun control (situational
  perspective)
• Who is killed by guns
• Intruders?
• No
• Family members
• And self