Hardware Assignment

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Hardware Assignment

• Processors and Motherboards

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Short History

• In 1978, Intel implemented the 8086 processor,
  which even now is used as the basis for all
  x86-compatible CPUs. It clocked in a frequency of
  8 MHz and could access maximum memory of 1 MB.
  Its RAM was still in the range of kilobytes. The
  next major model featured 4 MB in 1982, and
  clocked 16 MHz. However four years later a much
  faster model that clocked 32 MHz was created. In
  1989, PC systems were in the mass market. In 1989
  Intel introduced the 486DX processor in Socket 1,
  which worked at a frequency of 25 MHz, increasing
  in later years to as much as 133 MHz. During 1993
  and 1994, not only were the first 486 PC systems
  sold (AMD/Intel), but also the first Pentium
  computers. The price range at this point was
  between 1,000 and 1,500 dollars.

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Short History Later On

• In 1998, with the Pentium 166 MMX, Intel first
  introduced the MMX multimedia expansions, which
  required a motherboard with split voltage
  (2.8/3.3 volts). Experiencing a similarly short
  life span as Slot 1 in 1997 was Socket 423, which
  was used from November 2000 to August 2001.
  Socket 478 was introduced at the same time as the
  Pentium 4 with Northwood core, which at 512 kb
  had an L2 cache that was twice the size of its
  predecessor. From the Pentium 4 with 2.4 GHz
  onward, the 133 MHz FSB with (533 QDR) was
  introduced and the memory manufacturers even
  offered RD-1066 memory with a bandwidth of 3.3
  GB/s for it. This ensured the right performance
  and allowed record levels to be achieved in video
  encoding.

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Short History Recent Years

• Intel took a huge step in the transition from
  Socket 478 to Socket LGA775. LGA stands for Land
  Grid Array and thus makes clear that the pins of
  the CPU have moved to the socket, which was
  Intel's way of shifting the pin problem to
  motherboard manufacturers. At the same time, the
  manufacturer presents the chipsets 915 and 925X.
  In addition to DDR2 modules, the 915 also
  supports conventional DDR memory. Therefore
  clearly there has been a massive leap in the
  technology of processors from the early 1970s to
  the present time that perhaps has evolved more
  than any other piece of technology out there.

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Standards Available

• Core 2 DUO The Core 2 brand is a series of
  Intel's consumer 64-bit dual-core and MCM
  quad-core CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set.
  These CPUs are built with 45nm technology, using
  hafnium-infused circuitry to create incredible
  speeds and very advanced technology. This new
  processor includes up to 6 MB of shared L2 cache,
  up to 1333 MHz front side bus for desktop, and up
  to 800 MHz front side bus for laptop, and
  therefore it is no surprise that this processor
  is known as the future of computing. Intel also
  boasts of this processors energy efficient
  abilities and smart battery use. The Core 2 DUO
  improved performance by optimizing the use of the
  available data bandwidth. Also the very efficient
  cache subsystem and amazing digital media boost
  is enough to make this processor a very good
  purchase.

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Standards Available

• Intel Xeon Rather than specifically media or
  gaming, the Intel Xeon is great for specific
  communication applications that require the
  highest levels of processing performance such as
  web-serving, search engines, telecommunications
  servers, network management, security, voice, and
  load balancing which are commonly found on server
  computers, which is what the primary use of this
  processor is. This is because of its great high
  memory bandwidth, high memory capacity, and high
  I/O bandwidth. This processor is also low voltage
  and therefore produces less heat, which is good
  for space-constrained areas. This is mainly
  because of its 800 MHz system bus. Therefore,
  seeing as Intel Xeon is not very expensive, its
  price-performance is unparalleled and is very
  worth it for its price.

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Standards Available

• AM2 The AM2 has DDR2 support (up to 667MHz all
  chips and up to 800MHz for X2 and FX) with
  in-chip controller. It has reduced power
  consumption, and hardware virtualization support.
  It also has effective bandwidth (up to 12.8
  GB/sec dual channel memory bandwidth). It
  supports motherboards from all major venders, and
  has AMD virtualization abilities. The AM2 is very
  good for gaming purposes, with 4 gig memory.

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How a Motherboard Works

• The motherboard links everything together, and
  helps the different components communicate. The
  CPU is the Central Processing Unit, or simply,
  the processor. Since the processor is considered
  the brain of the computer, the motherboard can
  be compared to the nervous system. Nearly every
  component relies on the motherboard and is
  connected to it in some way. It is essentially a
  circuit board with paths or traces that
  transmit power and relay commands to the other
  components to tell them what action is needed.
• When you execute any function on the computer it
  requires a specific action. For each action an
  electronic impulse is sent to the motherboard.
  The board determines what the impulse is, what is
  needed, and which component must be implemented
  to complete the function.
• An example of this is when you hit the A on the
  keyboard, an impulse is sent to the motherboard.
  The motherboard sends the impulse to the video
  card. The video card determines that the letter
  A is needed and sends that information back
  through the motherboard. The board then
  determines where the information goes from there,
  in this case to the monitor, where the A seems
  to appear instantly even though many processes
  have occurred in order to get it there

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Installing a Motherboard

• Installing a motherboard is very simple. All you
  have to do is first make sure that you have the
  motherboard right side up. This can be
  accomplished by looking for where the expansion
  slots are (PCI, PCI-E, etc). They will always be
  located in the bottom left of the motherboard.
  Then line up the screw holes on the motherboard
  with the holes on the inside of your computer
  case. Then screw the screws in and make sure the
  motherboard is secure and you are done.

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Installing a Motherboard
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v41sq0RnPjeQ
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How a CPU Works

• The Steps for the CPU
• The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an
  instruction (represented by a number or sequence
  of numbers) from program memory. The location in
  program memory is determined by a program
  counter. The program counter keeps track of the
  CPU's place in the current program.
• Next is the decode step where the instruction is
  broken up into parts that have significance to
  other portions of the CPU.
• The third step is the execute step. Meaning that
  various portions of the CPU are connected so they
  can perform the operation wanted. For instance,
  if an addition operation was requested an
  arithmetic logic unit (ALU) will be connected to
  a set of inputs and outputs. The inputs provide
  the numbers to be added, and the outputs will
  make the final sum
• The final step is called the writeback which
  means that it "writes back" the results of the
  execute step to some form of memory.

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Installing a CPU

• Installation
• All modern systems make use of the zero-insertion
  force (ZIF) socket.
• The Steps!
• 1. Check the pins. Turn the chip over and inspect
  the pins. They should all stick straight up. If
  pins are bent, do not put try putting it in
  because it can break the pins.
• 2. Open the ZIF Socket. You do this by grabbing
  the lever on one side of the socket and opening
  it. Pull the lever from the closed position to
  open.
• 3. Adjust the Chip. This involves locating Pin 1
  on both the chip socket. The chip is marked as
  Pin 1 and on the socket there is a big 1 on one
  corner.
• 4. Insert the chip into the socket. With a ZIF
  socket, the chip should install very easily. Make
  sure all pins line up and slowly push the chip
  into the socket.
• 5. When finished, there shouldn't be a gap
  between the bottom of the processor and the
  socket
• 6. Close the ZIF socket by closing the lever.

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Installing a CPU
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYFrB3rC9Avs
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Technical Specs Explained CPU
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Technical Specs Explained CPU
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Technical Specs Explained Motherboard
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Technical Specs Explained Motherboard
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Technical Specs Explained Motherboard
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Technical Specs Explained Motherboard
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Different CPUs Available

• Intel Core 2 Quad Series (high end)
• Intel Core 2 Duo series (low mid end)
• AMD Phenom Quad Series (high end)
• AMD Athlon64 X2 Series (low mid end)

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Intel CPUs

• Core 2 Quad has 4 cores and are the QX6600,
  QX6700, QX6850, QX9650
• Core 2 Duo has 2 levels (low, mid, high)
• E8400, E6750, E6550 is the high end
• E4600, E4500 is mid end
• E2200, E2180, E2160, E2140 is low end
• Core 2 Duo/Quad ranges 1.6 3.0Ghz

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Intel Core 2 Quad
Intel Core 2 Duo
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AMD CPUs

• AMD Athlon 64 X2 series are 4000, 4200, 4400,
  4800, 5000
• The 6000, 6400 are higher end
• The Phenom series (Quad core) are 9500, 9600
• AMD CPUs cannot compete with Intels high end,
  but only with the low end

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AMD Athlon64 X2
AMD Phenom Quad Core
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Intel Motherboards

• There are 6 current chipsets all S775
• G33, G35, X38, P35, 750i, 780i
• Upcoming X48, 790i
• P35, X38 is Intel supporting ATIs crossfire
• 750i, 780i is Nvidia nForce supporting Nvidias
  SLI
• G33, G35 is the low end Intel chipsets

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AMD Motherboards

• Not any new in the past months
• Still a few chipsets in use, socket AM2
• nForce 570, 590 supporting SLI
• AMD 590G with on-board X1250
• nForce 430 with on-board 6150

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SLI/Crossfire

• The motherboard will have 2 PCI-Express slots to
  allow for 2 video cards
• With having 2, the slots will only run at 8x
• Having 2 will only increase performance by
  25-35, not 100 more
• The motherboard will say in the specs if it
  supports SLI or Crossfire

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On-board Components

• Some motherboards have on-board video
• The performance is very low, so only for
  non-gaming users
• The option for firewire inputs is not available
  on all motherboards
• The amount of USB ports may differ

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Quad Core vs Dual Core

• Twice the cores to process multiple programs a
  lot quicker
• Quad cores only beneficial in programs that can
  take advantage of all cores
• Newer games will benefit a lot from having more
  cores
• Quad core is slower in single threaded processes

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65nm vs 45nm CPUs

• The 45nm will run cooler
• Running cooler allows for better overclocking
• New Intel Penryns are 45nm and run faster than
  Intels Conroe (65nm)

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THE END