Health

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Chapter 2

• Health Disease

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Anatomy Physiology

• Anatomy study of structures
• Physiology study of the functions
• Pathophysiology study of the changes in
  function caused by disease
• Pathology study of structural and functional
  changes caused by disease

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• A reference system is used to describe location
  and function of body parts.
• The anatomic position Standing erect facing
  forward with arms at sides and palms toward the
  front.
• Body planes
• Body directions
• Body cavities
• Structural units

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Body Planes

• Vertical planes divide the body lengthwise
• Midsagittal divides into equal right and left
  halves (hemi-) AKA midline
• Sagittal divides into unequal right and left
  portions
• Coronal divides into front (anterior) and back
  (posterior) portions
• Horizontal planes divide the body crosswise
• Transverse divides body into upper (superior)
  and lower (posterior) portions.

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Body Directions

• Ventr/o front or belly side
• Anter/o front
• Super/o above or higher than
• Cephal/o head
• Proxim/o near
• Medi/o middle
• Dors/o back
• Poster/o back
• Infer/o beneath or below
• Caud/o tail
• Dist/o far
• Later/o side

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Body Directions

• Opposite or contrasting body directions
• Ventral front of body or organ
• Dorsal back of body or organ
• Anterior front, forward part of an organ, front
  surface of the body.
• Posterior back, backward part of an organ,
  dorsal surface of the body
• Superior uppermost, above, toward the head
• Inferior lowermost, below, toward the feet

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• Cephalic toward the head
• Caudal toward the lower part of the body
• Proximal nearest the midline or beginning of a
  body structure (appendage)
• Distal farthest from the midline or beginning
  of a body structure, toward the lower part of
  the body
• Medial toward or nearer the midline
• Lateral toward or nearer the side

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Body Cavities p. 32

• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system
• cranial skull
• spinal spinal column
• Ventral cavity protects the bodys organs
• Thoracic chest cavity
• Abdominal protects the major organs of
  digestion
• Pelvic protects the reproductive and excretory
  organs

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Terms

• Homeostasis maintaining a constant internal
  environment
• Diaphragm separates the thoracic (chest) and
  abdominal (stomach) cavities.
• Abdominopelvic name for the abdominal and
  pelvic cavities because there is no division
  between the two.
• Abdominal area is divided into 4 quadrants
• RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ (p. 32)

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• The thoracic and abdominal areas can be combined
  and further divided into 9 regions
• Hypochondriac hypo- (below) chondr/o (ribs) -ac
  (pertaining to) below the ribs
• Epigastric epi- (above) gastr/o (stomach) -ic
  (pertaining to) above the stomach has the
  stomach and heart
• Lumbar inward curve of the spine
• Umbilical umbilic/o (navel) belly button
• Iliac refers to the hipbone area
• Hypogastric hypo- (below) gastr/o (stomach) -ic
  (pertaining to) the groin or inguinal area

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• Peritoneum the membrane that protects and
  supports or suspends the organs in the abdominal
  cavity periton/o (peritoneum)
• Parietal outer layer of membrane pariet/o
  (wall)
• Visceral inner layer of membrane viscer/o
  (viscera or internal organs)
• Mesentery suspends parts of the intestine
• Retroperitoneal retr/o (behind) pariet/o
  (peritoneum) -eal (pertaining to)
• Peritonitis
• Ascites abnormal accumulation of clear or milky
  serous (watery) fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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Cytology

• The study of cells. Their origin, structure,
  function and pathology. Cyt/o (cell)
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Each cell has 46 chromosomes organized as 23
  pairs. The sex cells have 23 single chromosomes.
• Each chromosome has genes linked by DNA that
  carry our genetic makeup

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Genetic Disorders

• Are caused by defective genes transmitted from
  the parents and may show up (manifest) at any
  time in life.
• Cystic fibrosis
• Downs syndrome
• Hemophilia
• Huntingtons Disease/Chorea
• Muscular dystrophy
• Phenylketonuria
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs
• A person may be a carrier of a genetic disorder
  and never develop the illness.

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Congenital Disorders

• An abnormal condition that exists at birth but
  may be due to a number of causes.
• Anomaly a deviation from what is regarded as
  normal and is present at birth (cleft palate)
• Prenatal influences.
• Birth injuries hypoxia

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Histology (hist/o tissue)

• The study of the structure, composition and
  function of tissues.
• Tissue is a group of similarly specialized cells
  joined to perform a specific function.
• Four types of tissues
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nerve

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Epithelial Tissue

• Covers the internal and external surfaces of the
  body. Two types
• Epithelium
• outer layer of the skin (epidermis)
• surface layer of the mucous membranes
• Endothelium
• lining of the internal organs
• blood vessels, lymph vessels
• body cavities, glands and organs
• Epi- (upon) Endo- (within)

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Connective Tissue

• Support and connect organs and other body
  tissues. Four types
• Dense bones and cartilage
• Adipose (fat) provides protective padding,
  insulation, support and nutrient reserve. Adip/o
  (fat)
• Loose surround certain organs and supports
  nerve cells and blood vessels.
• Liquid blood and lymph

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Muscle Tissue

• Contains cell material with the ability to
  contract and relax.

Nerve Tissue
Contains cell material with the ability to
react to stimuli and conduct electrical
impulses.
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Pathology of Tissue Formation

• Aplasia A- (without) -plasia (formation) lack
  of development of an organ or tissue.
• Hypoplasia Hypo- (below, insufficient)
• Hyperplasia Hyper- (above, excessive) abnormal
  increase in the number of normal cells in normal
  arrangement.
• Dysplasia Dys- (difficult, abnormal)
• Anaplasia Ana- (excessive) a change in the
  structure of cells and in their orientation to
  each other, seen in malignancy.

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Glands

• A gland is a group of specialized cells that
  secrete materials used elsewhere in the body.
  Aden/o (gland) -crine (secrete)
• Exocrine chemicals are secreted into ducts.
  Sweat Gland
• Endocrine do not have ducts. Chemicals go
  directly into the bloodstream. These glands
  secrete hormones.
• .

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Pathology Procedures

• Adenitis Aden/o (gland)
• Adenoma -oma (tumor) benign tumor of a gland
• Adenomalacia abnormal softening of a gland
• Adenosclerosis abnormal hardening of a gland
• Adenosis -osis (abnormal condition) any disease
  of a gland

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Organs and Body Systems

• An organ is a somewhat independent body part that
  performs a special function or functions
• The tissues and organs of the body are organized
  into systems that perform specialized functions.
  We will be studying each system. Pg 30 has
  systems and combining forms.

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Pathology

• Pathology is the study of structural and
  functional changes caused by disease. Path/o and
  pathy mean disease
• Pathologist person who performs autopsies (a
  postmortem examination) and specializes in the
  laboratory analysis of tissue samples
• Etiology the study of the causes of disease

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Types of Diseases

• Infectious disease illness caused by a
  pathogenic organism
• Idiopathic disorder an illness without known
  cause
• Organic disorder pathologic physical changes
  explain the symptoms experienced. Ulcer
• Functional disorder no detectable physical
  changes to explain the symptoms. Panic attack
• Nosocomial infection hospital acquired
  infection that was not present on admission.

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Disease Transmission

• Communicable disease contagious Contaminated
  possible presence of an infectious agent.
• Bloodborne transmission occurs through contact
  with blood or body fluids that are contaminated
  with blood. AIDS, Hepatitis B

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• Sexually transmitted diseases STDs
• Airborne transmission occurs through
  respiratory droplets
• Food/water transmission fecal/oral occurs
  through eating or drinking contaminated food or
  water that has not been prepared properly to kill
  contamination

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Outbreaks of Disease

• Epidemiology study of outbreaks of disease
• Epidemiologist
• Endemic (end/o) -the ongoing presence of a
  disease in a population, group or area. Cold
• Epidemic sudden and widespread outbreak of a
  disease over a population. Measles
• Pandemic occurs over a large geographic area,
  possible world wide. AIDS