Introduction of Nuclear Physics

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Introduction of Nuclear Physics
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• How can we probe the structure in the smaller
  scale?
• Discovery of nuclear structure
• Development of nuclear physics
• Nuclear structure
• Exotic nuclei
• Heavy ion collisions
• Relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Virtual photon from deep inelastic scattering
  with electron beam
• Laser-electron photon, Bremsstrulumg photon
• Laser Nuclear Physics

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100 Years of Particle Physics

• 1897 ELECTRON discovery J.J. Thomson
• 1909 PROTON discovery E. Rutherford
• 1932 NEUTRON discovery J. Chadwick
• 1935 EXCHANGE theory Yukawa
• 1948 QED theory Feynman,
• 1961 - W Z theory Glashow
• 1964 QUARK theory Gell-Man, Zweig
• 1964 HIGGS theory Higgs, Englert,
• 1967 ELECTROWEAK theory Weinberg,
  Salam,

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100 Years of Particle Physics

• 1971 NON-ABELIAN tHooft,
• GAUGE theory Veltman
• 1972 QCD theory Gell-Man,
• Frizsch
• 1973 ASYMPTOTIC Gross, FREEDOM theory Wilzc
  ek, Politzer

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100 Years of Particle Physics

• 1974 CHARM discovery Ting, Richter
• 1977 BOTTOM discovery Lederman
• 1979 GLUON discovery TASSO, JADE,
• MARK-J,
• PLUTO
• 1983 W Z discovery Rubbia/UA1
• UA2
• 1995 TOP discovery DØ CDF

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Geiger-Marsden experiment

• The Geiger-Marsden experiment (also called the
  Gold foil experiment or the Rutherford
  experiment) was an experiment done by Hans Geiger
  and Ernest Marsden in 1909, under the direction
  of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories
  of the University of Manchester which led to the
  downfall of the plum pudding model of the atom.
• They measured the deflection of alpha particles
  (helium ions with a positive charge) directed
  normally onto a sheet of very thin gold foil.
  Under the prevailing plum pudding model, the
  alpha particles should all have been deflected
  by, at most, a few degrees. However they observed
  that a very small percentage of particles were
  deflected through angles much larger than 90
  degrees some were even scattered back toward the
  source. From this observation Rutherford
  concluded that the atom contained a very
  physically-small (as compared with the size of
  the atom) positive charge, which could repel the
  alpha particles if they came close enough,
  subsequently developed into the Bohr model.

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Low-Energy electron scattering from Carbon
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High-Energy electron scattering from Carbon
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Parton Structure of Proton- Quark
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Elementary Particles discovered 1898 ? 1964
1953 Donald Glaser invented the bubble chamber.
The Brookhaven Cosmotron, a 1.3 GeV accelerator,
started operation.
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Back to Year 1964

• A hundred or so types of particles were
  identified
• Baryons (fermion) n, p, ?, ?, ?,.
• Mesons (boson) ?, ?, ..
• Murray Gell-Mann (Mendeleev of elementary
  particle physics) proposed the eightfold way to
  put these particles in order, suggesting more
  elementary constituents quarks.
• Three types of quarks, u, d and s.
• Baryons composed of 3 quarks.
• Mesons composed of 2 quarks a quark and an
  antiquark.

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Baryon Octet (s1/2)
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Meson Octet (s0)
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Baryon Decuplet (s3/2)
(1232)
(1384)
(1533)
(1672)
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Deep Inelastic Scattering with Electrons beam
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A November revolution the birth of a new
particle J/?
BNL pA?ee- X
SLAC ee-?X
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http//ed.fnal.gov/projects/exhibits/searching/exh
ibit_home2.html
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? Upsilon
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Three-jet EventsProof of radiated Gluon
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1995 European Physical Society High-Energy and
Particle Physics Prize
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Observation of Neutral Currents in 1973
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Discovery of W and Z in 1983http//cern-discoveri
es.web.cern.ch/CERN-Discoveries/Courier/HeavyLight
/Heavylight.html
On 25 January 1983, CERN called a press
conference to announce the discovery of the W
particles.
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W and Z Production
Number of candidates in 200pb-1 64000 W ? e?
51000 W ? ?? 2900 Z ? ee 4900 Z ? ??

• Isolated, high pT leptons
• Missing transverse momentum in W's
• Z events provide excellent control sample
• Typically small hadronic (jet) activity

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W Mass Measurement

• W mass information contained in location of
  transverse Jacobian edge

Provides cross-check of production model. Needs
theoretical model of pT(W) Provides
cross-check of hadronic modelling
Insensitive to pT(W) to first order. Reconstructi
on of pT? sensitive to hadronic response and
multiple interactions
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Detector Calibration Lepton Energy Scale

• Energy scale measurements drive the W mass
  measurement
• Calibrate lepton track momentum with mass
  measurements
• of J/??and ? decays to ?
• Calibrate calorimeter energy using track momentum
  of e
• from W decays
• Crosscheck with Z mass measurement, then add Z's
  as a
• calibration point

Z ? ee
Z ? ??
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Signature of Top Quark Production
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ee-?X around Z bosons Proof of
three-generation of neutrios
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A hadron event - a neutrino interacting with a
nucleon and emerging as a neutrino first
observation of "neutral currents" in the
Gargamelle heavy liquid bubble chamber.