The Later Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century:

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• The Later Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century
• 1873 Wilhelm Wundt publishes Principles of
  Physiological Psychology
• 1874 Brentano publishes first volume of
  Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
• David Ferrier publishes The Functions of the
  Brain
• 1979 Wundt establishes first psychological
  laboratory at University of Leipzig
• 1880 Breuer begins treatment of Anna O.
• G. Stanley Hall establishes first
  psychological laboratory in America at
  Johns Hopkins University
• Hermann Ebbinghaus publishes Memory A
  Contribution to Experimental Psychology
• Freud goes to Paris to study with Charcot
• 1895 Freud and Breuer publish Studies in
  Hysteria
• Edward Titchener coins the term structuralism
  for his doomed psychology
• of the sensory elements of consciousness
• 1900 Freud publishes the The Interpretation of
  Dreams
• 1901 Wurzburg psychologists publish first of
  papers claiming imageless thought.
• 1905 Freud publishes Three Essays on the Theory
  of Sexuality
• 1910 Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka begin
  Gestalt research program
• Knight Dunlap, predecessor and colleague of
  John B. Watson at Johns Hopkins, publishes The
  Case Against Introspection
• 1923 Freud publishes The Ego and the Id

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Queen Victoria of England
(reigned 1837 - 1901)
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Nineteenth Century
Anti-Masturbation Devices
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Havelock Ellis
1859 - 1939
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Freuds Birthplace and Childhood home
Pribor, present day Czech Republic
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Sigmund Freud (18561939) Pictured here in
1884, One year before Going to Paris to Study
with Charcot
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Manuscript for the never- published Project
for a Scientific Psychology
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Excerpt from Freud's diagram of how language is
organized in the mind. By permission of the
Estate of A W Freud et al, by arrangement with
Paterson Marsh Ltd., London. Photo Chris Focht

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Hysteria was a "junk diagnosis", but it covered
a variety of real phenomena 1) Sexual
repression/denial and dissatisfaction 2)
Conversion and dissociative disorders 3) Other
psychiatric disorders epilepsy, Syphilis 4)
Social role --Secondary gains Nothing
protects her virtue so surely as
illness -- Freud
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Rachel Maines has written about the roots of
hysteria in sexual frustration
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Illustration from French pamphlet Principles of
Magnetism based on the work of Franz Mesmer.
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Freuds consulting office in Vienna, at Bergasse
19, now the site of a
Freud Museum
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Josef Breuer (1842-1925)
Doctor to Anna O. Discoverer of
talking cure
Early collaborator with Freud
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Anna O.
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Freud and Fliess
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Leaheys Diagnosis of Freuds True
Mistake Search for single cause of
hysteria (like single cause of tuberculosis) Ch
arcots theory that hysteria caused by a
traumatic event (e.g. railway spine) Commitment
to sexuality as the sole source of neurosis
(grounding neurosis in biology, though not
physiology) Over-generalization and tendency
to universalize from limited examples (e.g. his
own self-analysis Highly directive and
suggestive interview techniques Mistaken
oedipal theory of psychosexual development
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Freuds psychosexual stages

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Melanie Klein (1882 1960)
competitor with Anna Freud and
co-founder of object-relations
school of psychoanalysis
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Ernest Becker (1925 1974)
Author of The Denial of Death and other books
based on
psychoanalytic and existential ideas
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Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung (front
row, at Clark University in 1909)
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Sigmund and Anna Freud (1895 1982)
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• Sublimation redirecting 'wrong' urges into
  socially acceptable actions.
• Repression pushing uncomfortable thoughts into
  the subconscious.
• Denial Blindness to uncomfortable facts
  clinging to false beliefs to avoid
  fear/shame/arousal.
• Displacement redirecting emotions to a
  substitute target.
• Intellectualization taking an overly
  rationalistic viewpoint to deny/avoid
  emotions.
• Projection attributing ones own unconscious
  uncomfortable feelings to others.
• Rationalization creating false but credible
  justifications to avoid guilt/shame.
• Reaction Formation overacting in the opposite
  way to an emotion in order to control it.
• Regression reverting to prior developmental
  states.

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Eros vs. Thanatos
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Freud in 1938, the year before his painful death
from jaw cancer. He had an arrangement With
his personal physician for assisted suicide by
morphine overdose.
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Highs and Lows in the History
of Psychology

• Biggest Blunders Greatest Hits
• Phrenology 1. Neuronal basis of
  perception, movement, min
• Failure to incorporate a priori 2. Ebbinghauss
  and Donders
• mental faculties as alternative application
  of quantitative methods
• to associationism
• 3. Introspection / Structuralism
  
• Almost all of the
• details of
• Freudian theory,
• treatment, and
• research methods

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Highs and Lows in the History
of Psychology

• Biggest Blunders Greatest Hits
• Phrenology 1. Neuronal basis of
  perception, movement, min
• Failure to incorporate a priori 2. Ebbinghauss
  and Donders
• mental faculties as alternative application
  of quantitative methods
• to associationism
• 3. Introspection /
• Structuralism
• Almost all of the 3. Re-discovery of the
• details of unconscious and the role of
• Freudian theory, emotional defenses in
  treatment, and shaping consciousness,
  research methods personality, and behavior

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Number of French psychiatric theses
whose main topic was hysteria
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Hysteria, in its clinically pure form, seems to
occur more often among the psychologically and
medically naive than among sophisticated persons.
The incidence of hysteria appears to be
diminishing in many areas of the world, probably
because of cultural factors such as increasing
psychological and medical awareness among the
general public. Cases of classical hysteria, such
as those frequently described by 19th-century
clinicians, have become rare.
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Freuds innovation was to explain why hysterics
swooned and seized. He coined the term
conversion to describe the mechanism by which
unresolved, unconscious conflict might be
transformed into symbolic physical symptoms.
His fundamental insight that the body might
be playing out the dramas of the mind has yet
to be supplanted. http//www.nytimes.com/2006/09/
26/science/ 26hysteria.html?pagewanted2_r18dpc

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Dr. Amir Raz, rear, and Miguel Moeno demonstrate
the deep effects of hypnosis, suggestion, and
top-down processing using brain scans and the
Stroop effect.
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The brain /mind can be at war with itself. Sex
And shame in conflict. Can understanding this
conflict be reduced to neurology, or
are psychological/social/ cultural factors
important and irreducible ?
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The Inner Battlefield of
Consciousness
Consciousness Empirical Ego External
world of perception Psychic conflict and
action
Superego filters and edits perceptions
and actions to control anxiety
Id creates urges and wishes without regard to
external reality
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Near his death Freud recorded a brief
message for broadcast on the BBC. He wrote out
his words beforehand
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I started my professional activity as a
neurologist trying to bring relief to my neurotic
patients. Under the influence of an older friend,
and by my own efforts, I discovered some new
facts about the unconscious in psychic life, the
role of instinctual urges, and so on. Out of
these findings grew a new science,
psychoanalysis, a part of psychology, and a new
method of treatment of the neurosis. I had
to pay heavily for this bit of good luck. People
did not believe in my facts and thought my
theories unsavoury. Resistance was strong and
unrelenting. In the end I succeeded in acquiring
pupils and building up an International
Psychoanalytic Association. But the struggle is
not over. -- sigmund Freud
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if often he was wrong and, at times, absurd, to
us he is no more a personnow but a whole climate
of opinion. -- W.H. Auden, In Memory of Sigmund
Freud 1973