ad:pstaats

1
??ad??µ??p?????st??/?????aµµat?sµ??

• ?p?????ste? e??a? pa?t??
• ?a?a pa?a p???e? efa?µ??e?
• G?at?
• ??t?µat?p???s?
• ?p??p???s?
• ?p?te?esµat???t?ta
• ??st??

2
(??f?a???)?p?????st??

• ??te? 1940 ????C
• ??e?t??????? (electronic), d?a???t???? (discrete)
  0 ? 1
• G?at??
• st?at??t????? s??p??? (?p?????sµ??? at?µ???
  ß?µßa)
• ap???af? p????sµ?? (te?e???e µeta t?? ep?µe??)
• 1960 e?at? ?p?????ste?
• ?a?e?a? st?????e de?ade? e?at?µµ???a ???e?
• 2000 d?se?at?µµ???a ?p?????ste? p?e?sta
  st???????? µe???e? 100de? ???e?

3
?????aµµat?sµ??

• 1960 ???ssa µ??a??? ? s?µß????? ???ssa.
• ?a?da?a ??apt??? ?p?d?µ?? ????sµ????
• ?eta???t?ste?, ?e?t??????? S?st?µata
• 2000 ???sse? ?????/?aµ???? ep?ped??, templates,
  visual, agents (coming)

4
2000 ???????a ?????f??????

• ?pa?astas? ?????f?????? ??ad??t??
• t??µe?? d?e??????s? st?? p??sßas? p????f?????
• Fasµa ????a? ?p?????st?? (low to high end)
• mobile, palmtop, embedded, personal computer(PC)
• ????? ap?d?s?? PCs, workstations
• servers (s???a µe p?????? ?p?????ste? lt32)
• multiprocessors (32 µe 200)
• supercomputers, massively parallel (gt1000)

5
2000 ???????a ?????f??????

• ?fa?µ??e?
• ???sßas?, F??a?? ?a? ?pe?e??as?a ?ed?µe???
• ...e?at?µµ???a ded?µe?a/s??a??a?e? (text 1015
  bytes)
• ???s?µ??s?/Simulations
• s?ed?asµ??, ?e?t???????t?ta, ap?d?s?, crash
  simulation (ae??p?a?a, a?t?????ta, ?p?????ste?,
  e??a, ap?st??e?)
• ???p?a S?st?µata a?t?????ta, ??e?t?????e?
  s?s?e?e?
• ??a???? pa????d?a, virtual reality,
  ?pt???a???st??a

6
???? ?p?????st??

• ?p?te?e?ta? ap?
• S?de???? ) ????? (hardware)
• ?????, p???t???????, p??t???, µ??µ?, epe?e??ast?,
  modem, ethernet card, e?t?p?te?, d?s?a??,
  s??????, CD, scanner
• ?????aµµata/????sµ??? (software)
• ?e?t??????? s?st?µa, µeta???t?st??, epe?e??as?a?
  ded?µe??? (?e?µe??, a???µ??, e????a?, ????)
  pa????d?a (tetris)

7
?as??? ??µ? Hardware
?pe?e??as?a processing
???te???sa ???µ?
??s?d?? input
???d?? output
????t??????? ???t???
????? ??t?p?t??
?pe?e??ast??
???sßas? se ?e?te?e???sa ???µ?, ???t??, ??ad??t??
CD, d?s??? (hard, floppy), modem
8
??s?d??/???d??

• ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t?? e?sa????/e?a????
  ded?µe??? ap?/st?? ???st?
• ??s?d??
• epe?e??as?a ?e?µe??? (e??es?, p????aµµa ?t?)
• d?ata?e?, ded?µe?a se p????aµµa
• ???d??
• ?atastas? p????aµµat??
• ap?te?esµa p????aµµat?? (s?µp. ?a???)

9
???µ?

• ?p????e?s??/??a?t?s? p????f????? p????aµµata ?a?
  ded?µe?a
• ?p?te?e?ta? ap? ??a s????? ???e??d?? memory
  cells
• ?a?e ???e??da e?e? µ??ad??? d?e????s? ?a?
  pe??e??µe?? (d?ata?e? ? ded?µe?a)

10
???µ?

• ??e????s? ?e??e??µe?a

e?ds
0 1 2 ... 1021 1022 1023
123
err12
15.er3
0
.,d
yiasou
11
???µ?

• ???ade? µet??s?? µ??µ??
• bit - b 0 ? 1
• byte -B 8 bits 100100102 92h
• word 4 bytes 80ffaf45h
• doubleword 2 words ? 8 bytes
• KiloByte-KB 210 ? 1024 bytes
• MegaByte-MB 220 bytes
• GigaByte-GB 230 bytes

12
?e?a???a ???µ??
µe?a??
?aµ???
?aµ???

• ?e?e???, ?a??t?ta, ??st??
• Cache 16KB-64KB (SRAM)
• 2nd Level Cache 256KB-2??(SRAM)
• Main Memory 32??-1GB (DRAM)
• Secondary Memory1GB-100GB (hard,CD)

µ????
????
????
13
?a????µ?se?? ???µ??

• ?s?? ?????? p??sßas?? se ??e? t?? ???e??de??
• ?a?, µ??µ? t??a?a p??sßas?? (Random Access
  Memory-RAM), p.?. p??te???sa µ??µ?
• ???, p.?. de?te?e???sa µ??µ? hard disk
• ??p?? ??a???s??
• µ??? a?a???s?? (Read Only Memory-ROM)
• a?a???s?? ?a? ap????e?s?? (t?p??a RAM)

14
?a????µ?se?? ???µ??

• ??a??e?a ?p????e?s??
• µ???µ? (non-volatile) µ??µ? µ??? a?????s??
  (ROM), CD- ROM, hard disk (µ??µ? a?a???s?? ?a?
  ap????e?s??)
• p??s?a??? (non-volatile) t?p??a RAM p.?. cache,
  main memory (µ??µ? a?a???s?? ?a? ap????e?s??)
• ?e???????a CMOS (ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM), Magnetic
  Disk (hard, floppy), Optic (CD-ROM)

15
?st????? ?a???t?µ?a t?? ???µ??

• ?????a ?p????e?µ???? ??????µµat?? (Stored Program
  Concept) (1940)
• ?? e?t???? p?? ap?te???? t? p????aµµa
  ap????e???ta? st?? p??te???sa µ??µ? p??? t??
  e?t??es? t?? p?????µµat??
• ???????µe??? e??aµe µ??a?e? p?? et?e?a? µ??? e?a
  p????aµµa (calculator ??? computer)

16
(?????)?pe?e??ast??

• ?e?t???? ???ada ?pe?e??as?a?
• microprocessor, up/µp, central processing unit,
  CPU
• S??t????e?/ap?fas??e? ??e? t?? ?e?t?????e? t??
  ?p?????st? e?te???ta? a???µ?t???? ?a? ???????
  p???e?? se ded?µ??a.
• ?p?te?e?ta? ap? ???ada ??e???? (Control Unit),
  ????µ?t??? ???ada (ALU) ?a? Kata????te?
  (Registers)

17
?as??? ?e?t?????a CPU

• ?????? ???s??µ?s?? ?a? ??t??es?? ??t????
  (Fetch-Execute Cycle)

PC (?ata????t?? ??t????)
?1

567899
0 1 2 3 4
K1(4)
K1K11
(4)K1
567899
18
?as??? ?e?t?????a CPU

• ?????? ???s??µ?s?? ?a? ??t??es?? ??t????
  (Fetch-Execute Cycle)

PC (?ata????t?? ??t????)
?1

567899
0 1 2 3 4
K1(4)
K1K11
1
(4)K1
567899
19
?as??? ?e?t?????a CPU

• ?????? ???s??µ?s?? ?a? ??t??es?? ??t????
  (Fetch-Execute Cycle)

PC (?ata????t?? ??t????)
?1

567900
0 1 2 3 4
K1(4)
K1K11
(4)K1
2
567899
567900
20
???t?? ?a? ??ad??t??

• ??p??? ???t?? (Local Area Network)
• ?p?????ste?, disks, e?t?p?te?, scanners (p.?.
  pa??)
• ??ad??t?? (Wide Area Network)
• e???e? t?p??a d??t?a (internet)
• ???s?µe? ?a?aµet???
• ?a??t?ta e??s?? (latency) ?a?
• ?????f???e?/de?te???ept? (bandwidth)

21
????sµ??? ?p?????st?

• ?????aµµa e??a? ??a s????? e?t???? ??aµµ??a se
  ???ssa p?? ?ata???ta? ap? t?? ?p?????st?

22
?p?peda ????sµ????
23
?e?t??????? S?st?µa(OS)

• ??e??e? t? d?epaf? (interface) t?? ???st? µe t?
  hardware t?? ?p?????st?
• ??a?e????eta? t?? ?ata??µ? t?? p???? (resources)
  t?? ?p?????st? - p.?. µ??µ?, cpu, I/O
• ?.?. Unix, vms, ms-dos, windows, windows-nt

24
G??sse? ?????aµµat?sµ??

• ?a?e ????sµ??? e??a? ??aµµe?? se ?ap??a ???ssa
  p????aµµat?sµ??
• Basic, Lisp, Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, PL1, ADA,
  Prolog, C, C, Java, Assembly, Machine Laguage
• ???sµ?? G??ssa?
• S??ta?? (syntax) ?a???e? ??aµµat???? t??
  ???ssa?.
• S?µas??????a (context) ?? s?µa????? ?? p??t?se??
  t?? ???ssa?

25
?a????µ?s? G??ss?? ?????.

• G??ssa ?????? ?p?p?d?? (high-level language)
• a?e???t?t? ?p?????st?
• s??d???e? a??????? ???e?? ?a? s?µßat???
  µa??µat????? s?µß???sµ??? (e?????-d?aßast?)
• p??sa?at???sµ??? st?? ep???s? s???e???µe??? t?µea
  p??ß??µ?t??, p.?. FORTRAN µ??a???? ?a?
  µa??µat??a, COBOL data processing ?a? business
• ?aµµ?a HLL ???ssa ?a?? ??a ??e? t?? efa?µ??e?

26
?a????µ?s? G??ss?? ?????.

• G??ssa ?aµ???? ?p?p?d?? (low-level language)
• ?ata???t? µ??? ap? ded?µ??? ?e?t???? µ???da
  epe?e??as?a? (d?af??et??e? a???te?t????e?)
• G??ssa ???a??? (machine language). G??ssa
  d?ad???? e?t????
• S?µß????? G??ssa (assembly language). ???s?
  µ??µ?????? ??d???? p?? a?t?st?????? se e?t????
  t?? ???ssa? µ??a??? (d?s????-d?aßast?)
• ??? ??????? (p?? ???? overhead)

27
?eta???t?st?? (compiler)

• ????sµ??? t? ?p??? µetaf???e? p????aµµa ??????
  ep?p?d?? ???ssa se ???ssa µ??a???
• ?as??eta? st?? s??ta?? ?a? s?µµas??????a t??
  ???ssa?
• ????? µetaf?aste?
• ??e?µ??ea? (interpreter) basic ?a? java(p??
  a????)
• Assembler µetat?epe? s?µß????? ???ssa se ???ssa
  µ??a???

28
Compilation

• back

foo.c
foo.o Source code
object code