42 Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell Part 2

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4-2 Parts of the Eukaryotic CellPart 2
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Mitochondria

• the Site of Cellular Respiration, or the place
  where energy is released from food and stored in
  ATP
• the Powerhouse of the cell.

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Mitochondria

• have their own DNA.
• can reproduce themselves.
• may have been independent cells at one time.

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Ribosomes

• contain no membranes.
• are made up of 2 pieces made of protein and RNA.
• make or synthesize proteins.

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Ribosome Locations

• When Free in the cytosol.. they make proteins
  for use in the cytosol.
• When Attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum..
  they make proteins that are exported from the
  cell.

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Ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• is often called ER.
• is made of stacks of flattened sacks.
• is a highway system or path for moving molecules
  through the cell
• is involved in the production of proteins,
  sugars, fats, etc.

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Rough ER

• When ribosomes are attached to ER, we call it
  Rough ER
• RER makes proteins for export

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Smooth ER

• is Endoplasmic Reticulum without Ribosomes..
• is responsible for making lipids and hormones,
• in muscles regulates Calcium levels,
• in liver cells breaks down toxins and drugs.

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Golgi ApparatusAKA Golgi bodies or Golgi Complex

• Structure parallel array of flattened sacs
  arranged in a stack. (looks like a stack of Pita
  bread)
• 3 to 20 per cell.
• Likely an outgrowth of the ER system.

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• The Golgi Apparatus package and modify proteins
  and lipids into vesicles (small, spherical shaped
  sacs that bud form the Golgi apparatus). The
  vesicles often merge and merge with the plasma
  membrane to release contents to the outside of
  the cell.

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Lysosome

• Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus that contain
  digestive enzymes. They breakdown food, cellular
  debris and foreign invaders such as bacteria.
• Important in cell death.
• Not present in plant cells.

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Peroxisomes

• Organelles that breakdown various substances.
  During digestion 0xygen is produced and combines
  with H2O to form Hydrogen Peroxide. a toxin.
• Peroxisomes break down Hydrogen Peroxide.

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Nucleus

• Most conspicuous organelle.
• usually spherical, but can be lobed or irregular
  in shape.

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Function of the Nucleus

• Control center for the cell.
• Contains the genetic instructions.

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Structure of the Nucleus

• Nuclear Envelope
• Nuclear pores
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin

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Nuclear Envelope the outer boundary of the
nucleus

• Double membrane separated by a 20-40 nm space.
• Inner membrane supported by a protein matrix
  (braces) which gives the shape to the nucleus.

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Nuclear Pores

• Regular holes through both membranes.
• 100 nm in diameter.
• Allows materials in/out of nucleus.

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Nucleolus

• Dark area in the nucleus.
• 0 - 4 per nucleus.
• Storage area for ribosomes.

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Chromatin

• Chrom colored, tin threads
• DNA and Protein in a loose format (stringy form
  of DNA) Will eventually form the cells
  chromosomes.

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Chromosomes

• Rod-shaped bodies made up of coiled DNA.
• The DNA is wrapped around proteins called
  histones.
• The histones are coiled into nucleosomes

Histone Molecules
Chromatin
Nucleosome
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To be continued.go to Cell Biology Part 3
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To be continued.go to 4-2, Part 3