Angle Modulation

1

• Angle Modulation

2
Angle Modulation

• General Format
• Phase
• Instantaneous Frequency

3
Phase and Frequency Modulation

• Waveform
• Base band
• PM
• FM
• Constant amplitude
• No static noise
• Modulation Index
• m inversely proportional to fm for FM
• Spectrum
• Bessel functions
• Broader bandwidth
• Carsons rule B2(?fmax)

4
FM Java

• http//contact.tm.agilent.com/Agilent/tmo/an-150-1
  /classes/liveFM_popup.html

5
FM Noise

• Amplitude
• Controlled by limiter
• Driving into saturation
• Phase
• Phasor picture
• Maximum angle deviation
• White noise

6
Frequency Error by Phase Noise

• Simplified S/N Analysis
• Signal frequency 1 kHz
• Signal amplitude, ES 10
• Frequency deviation 5 kHz
• Noise amplitude, EN 1
• (S/N)P 20 dB
• Maximum angle deviation 0.1 rad
• Noise modulation index, mN 0.1
• Frequency error caused by noise
• 1 kHz x 0.1 100 Hz
• (S/N)F 5 kHz/100 Hz 50 34 dB in power

7
FM Noise

• Threshold and Capture Effect
• S/N below threshold poor performance
• S/N above threshold improved performance
• Strong station dominates weak station

8
FM Noise

• Noise in FM system
• Frequency error mN?fm
• Larger signal needed at higher frequency
• Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
• High pass and low pass filters

9
FM Radio

• Source
• Audio, 50-15 kHz
• Carrier Frequency
• 88 108 MHz
• IF
• 10.7 MHz
• Performance
• 15 kHz bandwidth
• 50-100 km range
• 10 µV sensitivity

10
FM Radio
11
Block Diagram
12
FM Modulator Circuits

• Varactor
• Variable Reactance Modulator

13
FM Detector Circuits

• FM Detection
• Convert frequency deviation to voltage
• Frequency dependent throughput
• Slope detector
• Discriminator
• Project

14
FM Detector Circuits

• Quadrature demodulator tutorial
• PLL

15
FM Stereo - Frequency Allocation

• Sub-Carrier
• Multiplexing

16
Stereo Transmitter

• Frequency Division Multiplexing
• 19 kHz Pilot
• Preemphasis

17
Stereo Receiver
18
Practical Circuits

• FM Transmitter
• http//www.free-electronic-circuits.com/circuits/f
  m-transmitter.html
• Regenerative Receiver
• http//www.somerset.net/arm/fm_only_one_transistor
  _radio.html

19
IC-Based FM Radio
20
(No Transcript)
21
Digital Audio Broadcasting

• Eureka
• Britain Band III, 174-240 MHz
• Canada L-Band, 1452 to 1492MHz
• Data 192 kb/s, digital compression
• iBiquity
• In band on channel
• Analog digital sideband
• Perceptual audio coder
• http//beradio.com/mag/radio_iboc_transmission/ind
  ex.html
• http//www.broadcastpapers.com/whitepapers/BAsia04
  BcastElectHDRadio.pdf
• Sirius and XM Radio

22

• Television

23
Analog TV

• Standard
• NTSC, PAL, SECAM
• Broadcasting
• Local station, CATV, satellite
• HDTV
• Monitor

24
NTSC Signaling

• Vertical Scan Lines
• 525 lines (625)
• Aspect Ratio
• 43
• Frame Rate
• 30 Hz (25 Hz) interlaced
• 525 lines/frame x 30 frames/sec 15.75 kHz
• Resolution
• 0.7-0.75 utilization factor

25
NTSC Broadcasting
4.75
3.579545
26
Analog TV Signaling

• Composite Video
• Luminance (brightness) 340 lines
• Y0.3R0.5G0.11B
• Chrominance (color) 50-100 lines
• I0.6R-0.28G-0.32B
• Q0.21R-0.52G0.31B
• H Sync
• V Sync
• Blanking
• Color burst
• Reference

27
Waveforms
28
Spectrum

• Luminance
• AM vestigial side band
• From -0.75 MHz to 4 MHz
• Chrominance
• QUAM VSBSC
• Pilot at 3.58 MHz
• Sound
• FM
• Sub-carrier at 4.5 MHz

29
TV Receiver Circuits

• RF, IF
• 45 MHz
• Video Detector
• Composite Video to RGB
• Comb filter
• Audio IF, Audio Detector
• Sync Separator
• H Sync
• V Sync
• TV Circuit Chips
• http//www.nteinc.com/linear_web/tv.html

30
Block Diagram
31
Display - CRT

• CRT
• Control, acceleration, focusing, deflection,
  shadow mask, purity, convergence
• Picture-in-picture (PIP)

32
Video Image Sensors

• Vidicon
• CCD
• http//spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys445/lectures/ccd1
  /ccd1.html
• CMOS
• http//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/digitalimaging/
  cmosimagesensors.html

33
CATV System

• Video Signal Distribution
• Source
• Fiber trunk, linear modulator
• Headend
• Coax distribution, amplifier, splitter
• Pay per View
• Cable Modem
• Reference
• http//people.deas.harvard.edu/
• jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/
• lecture13/CATV/CATV.html

34
Digital Set Top Box
http//www.xilinx.com/esp/consumer/home_networking
/pdf_files/stb_to_rg/stb_complete.pdf Source TI
35
High-Definition TV

• Analog MUSE
• 1125 lines, 20 MHz
• Digital TV
• 1920x1080, 6 MHz
• Compression

36
Digital TV
37
HDTV Signaling

• MPEG-2
• 19.39 Mbps
• http//www.bretl.com/mpeghtml/MPEGindex.htm
• 8-VSB
• http//www.broadcast.net/sbe1/8vsb/8vsb.htm

38
Other Display Technologies

• LCD
• Plasma Display Panel
• Other Display Technologies
• OLED
• Field emission
• Electroluminescent display
• E-Ink
• Projection
• LCOS
• Digital light processor
• Grating light valve
• http//www.hdtvmagazine.com/downloads/Display20Wa
  rs20-20Flat20Panels20(InfoComm202005).ppt

39
Chapter Review

• FM and PM
• Modulation Index and Side Bands
• Phase Noise and FM Noise Analysis
• Limiter and S/N Improvement
• FM Modulator
• FM Detection
• NTSC
• DTV
• CATV
• Display Technologies