WORLD WAR ONE

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WORLD WAR ONE

• Adair Doran

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The 19th Century

• Before 1850
• After 1850

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1900

• Optimistic
• Belief in Progress
• Scientific advances
• improved living conditions
• massive social conflicts avoided
• international cooperation and peace -
• A NEW AGE

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Basis for European Optimism

• Scientific superiority
• improvements in fights against disease and
  malnutrition
• Darwin
• Ernest Rutherford
• Max Planck
• Albert Einstein
• Ivan Pavlov
• Sigmund Freud

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• Cooperation and Compromise
• World community developing
• World conferences for international cooperation
• telegraph lines and rates (1865)
• handling of mail(1875)
• protection of authors rights
• international sports events (1896)
• Organized peace movement

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• Cooperation and Compromise
• Organized Peace movement
• Pan-American Conference, 1889
• Hague Conference, 1899
• international law for treatment of prisoners
• defined state of belligerency
• Established International Court of Arbitration -
  HAGUE TRIBUNAL

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• Cooperation and Compromise
• Individual achievements
• Alfred Nobel
• Andrew Carnegie

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Domestic Improvements

• Basic political rights granted
• more equitable distribution of wealth
• spread of education

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Christian/Socialists Adjustments

• Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903)
• Revived Aquinas - progressive
• developed Christian democracy
• Socialists
• Fabians
• Revisionists

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Causes of WWI

• National, racial, ethnic antagonisms focused on
• MILITARISM
• ALLIANCE SYSTEM

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• SECRET DIPLOMACY
• ECONOMIC COMPETITION/ TARIFF RIVALRIES
• NATIONALISM
• RACISM

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RACISM

• Scientific
• Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816-82)
• Heinrich von Treitschke (1834-86)
• Theodore Herzl (1860-1914)
• Karl Lueger

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Alliance System

• Bismarck dominates from 1870 - 1890
• 1873 - Three Emperors League
• 1879 - Dual Alliance
• 1882 - added Italy
• 1881 - renewed Dreikaiserbund
• 1887 - Reinsurance Treaty with Russia

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Alliance System

• Collapse of Bismarcks system
• Massive French investment in Russia
• William II dismisses Bismarck
• Reinsurance Treaty allowed to lapse
• German investments in Russia decrease as French
  increase
• 1894- Dual Alliance of France and Russia

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Great Britain enters the equation

• Rivalry with Russia and France
• concerned with isolation
• makes overtures to Berlin
• 1900 Berlin begins fleet-building program
• GB looks for other allies

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• 1904 - Entente Cordiale
• 1907 - Triple Entente
• (1902 - allied with Japan)
• NO MILITARY COMMITMENT

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Moving Closer To War

• First Moroccan Crisis 1905-06
• Algeciras, 1906
• (Triple Entente, 1907)
• Second Moroccan Crisis, 1911

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• BALKAN CRISES
• 1. 1908 A-H annexes Bosnia and Herzogovinia
• 2. 1912 First Balkan War
• Serbia, Bulgaria, and neighbors against Turkey
• 3. Second Balkan War
• Serbia against Bulgaria

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• Austria-Hungary fears Serbian nationalism
• Serbia even more ambitious
• The Balkans are the powder keg of Europe
• JUNE 28, 1914 - Archduke Francis Ferdinand and
  wife assassinated by Gavrilo Princep, member of
  the Black Hand

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The Black Hand

• Secret organization for creation of a greater
  Serbia
• assisted by Serbian officers
• Vienna knows of its existence

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Road to War

• Austria waits for full assurance of support from
  Germany
• Issues ultimatum July 23, 1914
• unconditional acceptance of all parts within 48
  hours
• July 25 - Serbian response-conciliatory

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Road to War

• July 28 - Austria declares war on Serbia
• July 30 - Tsar orders Russian mobilization
• July 31 - Ger sends ultimatum to Rus and Fr
• Aug 1 - Ger declares war on Rus

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Road to War

• Aug 2 - Ger sends ultimatum to Belgium ( GB asked
  for help - sends ultimatum to Ger)
• Aug 3 - Ger declares war on France
• Aug 4 - GB declares war on Germany

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The Allies and the Central Powers

• Italy remains neutral initially
• Japan joins Allies (Rus, FR, GB)
• Turkey/Bulgaria join Central Powers (Germany and
  Austria-Hungary)
• 27 powers all total fight
• Central powers mobilize 21 mil men
• Allies - 40 mil men (12m Russians)

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CASUALTIES

• There were more men killed on the Western Front
  in the First World War than in the Second World
  War
• 8.5 mil died in battle
• _at_ 23 mil wounded
• more affected by gas, etc
• (Influenza killed 30 mil shortly after war ended)

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Battles

• Germany began attack on Aug 3, 1914
• Russians mobilized faster than anticipated
• Germans forced to send troops to Eastern Front

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Battle of the Marne

• Sept 5-12, 1914
• France not taken
• Both sides try to outflank each other
• Battle lines extended to the sea

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Eastern Front

• Paul von Hindenburg
• Erich Ludendorff
• These two German generals defeat the Russians at
  Tannenburg (Aug) and Mausarian Lakes(Sept) 1914

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Eastern Front

• Austria fights Serbia
• Seesaws back and forth
• Ger sends aid -repulse Serbs and push into Russia
• 2.5 million Russians wounded, killed, or taken
  prisoner
• Russia still fights

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Eastern Front

• Central Powers take Balkans
• Brit and Fr launch attack on Turkey
• Pour 450,000 men on peninsula of Gallipolli, lose
  252,000 (ANZACS) Give up.

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• 1917
• Lawrence of Arabia
• provoked Arab uprising against Turkey
• 1918
• British forces from Egypt smash Ottoman Empire

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Western Front-Verdun, 1916

• German offensive starts in Feb
• lasts six months
• French resistance impressive
• Heavy causalities for both
• 330,000 to 350,000

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Western Front - Somme, 1916

• Allied offensive starts in July and lasts until
  October
• Brit lose 60,000 first day
• Heavy use of artillery
• Germans lose 500,000, British-400,000,
  French-200,000
• Tank used

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Battle at SeaBattle of Jutland

• May 31-June 1, 1916 - North Sea
• Germans try to break out to get control of the
  seas
• Lose 11 ships, British lose 16, but
• Germans retreated to naval bases and remained
  there

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Battle at Sea - Submarine Warfare

• Allies impose a strict naval blockade
• contraband vs non-contraband goods
• Germans tried to blockade GB with submarines-
  unrefined weapon

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US Involvement

• 1914 - Am declares neutrality
• neutral in thought as well as action
• Economically benefiting
• 1914-16 exports quadrupled, Allied bonds - 1.5
  million sold, trade with Central Powers declines

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Submarine Warfare

• Feb 1915 begin campaign
• Everyone warned
• by May had sunk _at_ 90 ships
• Lusitania - May 7, 1915
• Wilson protested
• Germans back down for 2 years - after Sussex
  incident

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1917

• Large-scale attacks by British to break through
  Ger lines
• French mutiny
• Germans successful in Italy
• Nov 20 - Dec 3 Tank battle - British pushed back

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1917

• Germans start up unrestricted submarine warfare
  again
• Hoped to starve British out before US could help
• 470 ships fall in 3 months
• GB has six weeks food supply left

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US gets involved

• Zimmermann Telegram
• March 2, 1917
• April 6, 1917 US declares war to make the world
  safe for democracy

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1918

• Germany launches final offensive in Spring of
  1918 - hope to force a decision before US arrives
  to turn balance
• 2nd Battle of the Marne
• Americans troops arriving daily

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1918

• Allied final offensive in Sept
• Germans forced back
• Armistice arranged for
• Nov 11,1918