Graphing Set I

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Graphing Set I
2

• What is your independent variable?
• Water (ml)
• What is your dependent variable?
• Plant growth (cm)
• How much growth does the plant have after given
  9.0 ml of water?
• 16 cm

3

• What is your independent variable?
• Time (sec)
• What is your dependent variable?
• Distance (m)
• What is the distance at 10 sec?
• 80 m
• What is the velocity at 10 sec?
• 80m/10sec 8m/s

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As much of a crystalline substance as could
dissolve is mixed with a liter of distilled
water in a tall graduated cylinder. A seed
crystal of that substance was the hung in the
solution, temperature, and volume of liquid are
measured and the following data are collected
5

• A. Volume of solution and temperature of
  solution
• B. Volume of solution and temperature of
  solution
• C. Length of crystal and temperature of solution
• D. Length of crystal and volume of solution

D. Length of crystal and volume of solution
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Classification Of Matter
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Classification of Matter

• Matter- anything that has mass and occupies space
• Pure substance- has a constant, invariable
  composition. Its identified by a formula or
  symbol Ex water- H2O and Helium - He
• Compound- Composed of two or more elements that
  cannot be decomposed by physical means. They are
  chemically combined. Ex sodium chloride- NaCl
  and Carbon dioxide- CO2

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Classification of Matter

• Element simple substance that cannot be
  decomposed into simpler substances by any
  chemical change
• Mixtures Composed of 2 or more components that
  can be separated by physical means. There are no
  chemical bonds between the separate parts. The
  components or parts can vary in composition.
  There are 2 types of mixtures.

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Classification of Matter

• Homogeneous mixture Sometimes called solutions.
  They are evenly mixed. Appears as one component
  even though there are 2 or more parts. Ex
  plain jello, air, salt water
• Heterogeneous mixture these mixtures are
  unevenly mixed. Can see separate components.
  Ex dirt, concrete, sour milk, muddy water

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Classification of Matter

• Element simple substance that cannot be
  decomposed into simpler substances by any
  chemical change
• Mixtures Composed of 2 or more components that
  can be separated by physical means. There are no
  chemical bonds between the separate parts. The
  components or parts can vary in composition.
  There are 2 types of mixtures.

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Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Two Main Types colloids and suspensions
• Colloids- particles are very small and do not
  settle out of solution ex. Fog, smoke, whipped
  cream
• Suspensions-particles are large and settle out of
  solution ex. Muddy water

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Conservation Laws

• Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass) - matter is
  neither created or destroyed
• Law of Conservation of Energy - Energy is neither
  created or destroyed it is transferred from
  one form to another
• Combined Conservation Law - (Einstein) - in some
  very high energy reactions mass can be converted
  to energy Ex Atomic Bomb

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Physical and Chemical Changes

• Physical and Chemical Changes are similar terms
  as physical and chemical properties. The
  difference is that PROPERTIES measure a
  CHARACTERISTIC or trait, while CHANGES measure a
  PROCESS

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Physical and Chemical Properties

• Chemical property- properties that refer to the
  way a substance undergoes a chemical reaction to
  form new products. When you measure this
  property (characteristic) at least one new
  product is formed.
• Examples the ability to rot, rust, burn,
  ferment, grow, decay, sprout, combust

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Physical and Chemical Properties

• Physical property- properties that dont involve
  a change in the chemical identity of the
  substance. You can measure these properties
  (characteristics) without changing the identity.
• Examples melting point, boiling point, density,
  solubility, electrical conductivity,

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Physical and Chemical Change

• Physical change- a process that will alter a
  substances appearance without changing its
  composition or identity
• Any change that describes a 1) Phase change
  (melting, freezing, evaporating, condensing)
  2) Size change (tearing, breaking, expanding,
  dissolving) 3) Shape change (Hammering,
  stretching)

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Physical and Chemical Change

• Chemical Change- a process that occurs that will
  change the identity and composition of the
  reactants.
• Examples Burning, rusting, exploding

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Observations That Determine a Chemical Change in
Lab

• 1. A gas is released (bubbles in liquid, smoke,
  odor)
• 2. Heat is absorbed or released
• 3. A Precipitate (solid) is formed in a
  homogeneous solution
• 4. A definite color change occurs
• 5. A change in mass
• 6. A flash of light is released

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Temperature Scales

• Converting Celsius Temperature to kelvin
  Temperature C 273 ____K2
• Example 25 C _______K
• 25 273 298 K
• Converting Kelvin to Celsius Reverse
• K - 273 ______C

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NAMING BINARY IONIC AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS
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Chemical Bonds

• Why do atoms bond? Atoms seek to become
  chemically stable. To do this their valence
  shell must be complete. The Octet Rule states
  that atoms will either gain, lose , or share
  valence electrons to attain 8 electrons in
  their valence shell to become stable.
• There is only one group of elements that are
  already stable and that is the Noble Gases

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Classification of Inorganic Compounds

• There are 2 main kinds of compounds
• 1. Ionic made up of ions of opposite charge .
  The strong electrostatic force of attraction
  between them is called the ionic bond. Electrons
  are TRANSFERRED
• 2. Covalent made up of 2 or more nonmetals
  that SHARE pairs of electrons between their
  nuclei.

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Ionic Compounds

• I. 2 types Binary and Ternary
• A. Binary made up of 2 monatomic ions of
  opposite charge
• 1. Metal cation () is written first and is
  named by the metals name
• 2. Nonmetal anion (-) is written second and
  is named by the nonmetals name with a revised
  ending of -ide.

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Examples of Binary Ionic Compounds

• 1. Sodium chloride
• 2. Lithium nitride
• 3. Barium phosphide
• See board on how to write the formula
• See 2nd simulation on bonding

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Binary Ionic Compounds

• Writing and naming these compounds
• 1. Cation () first Anion (-) second
• 2. Net charge of ions 0.
• 3. Subscripts used to indicate the of ions
  needed to attain net charge 0.

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Examples of Binary Ionic compounds

• 1. Al2S3
• 2. BaO
• 3. MgBr2
• See board on how to name the formulas.

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Using Multivalent Ions in Binary Compounds

• Multivalent ions have more than one oxidation
  number.
• These charges are not predictable like the Group
  A ions
• Most are found in the Transition Metals
• Examples Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co,
• A few in the p section Sn and Pb

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Covalent or Molecular Compounds

• Two types Binary and Ternary
• Both types are made up of nonmetals that SHARE
  electrons between atoms. This type of bond is
  called a covalent bond. They adhere to the octet
  rule by obtaining 2 or 8 valence electrons in the
  outer shell to imitate the electron configuration
  of a noble gas. Examples H2, F2, CH4, NH3

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NAMING BINARY COVALENT

• 1. First nonmetals name is that of the
  elements.
• 2. Second nonmetals name has an -ide ending
  (just like binary ionic)
• 3. Use prefixes to describe the subscripts
  (1-mono 2-di 3-tri 4-tetra 5-penta
  6-hexa 7- hepta 8-octa 9-nonea 10- deca)

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Naming Binary Covalent

• Examples CO2, CO, SO2, N2O5
• Examples dichlorine heptoxide, phosphorous
  pentachloride

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Physics Review Questions for Waves, Sound, Light

• Slides 1-5 Wave properties
• Slides 6-10 Sound
• Slides 11-15 Light

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Question 1The particles of a medium are in
periodic motion perpendicular to thedirection of
propagation of theenergy. Which of the
following terms is defined by the above
statement?

• A) torsional waves
• B) sonic waves
• C) sound waves
• D) transverse waves
• E) longitudinal waves

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Answer 1

• D) transverse waves

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Question 2The distance from the fixed end of a
violin string to the nearest antinode is

• A) ? / 4
• B) ? / 2
• C) 2 ?
• D) ?

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Answer 2

• A) ? / 4

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Question 3The process which described the
bending of waves around corners and obstacles is
called.

• A) reflection
• B) diffusion
• C) diffraction
• D) refraction

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Answer 3

• C) diffraction

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Question 4In the equation that relates the
speed of a wave to its frequency and wavelength,

• A) speed is inversely proportional to wavelength
• B) wavelength is inversely proportional to
  frequency
• C) speed is inversely proportional to frequency
• D) frequency is directly proportional to
  wavelength

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Answer 4

• B) wavelength is inversely proportional to
  frequency

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Question 5A wave traveling from one medium to
another undergoes a decrease in speed. The wave
also undergoes

• A) a decrease in frequency
• B) a decrease in wavelength
• C) an increase in wavelength
• D) an increase in frequency

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Answer 5

• B) a decrease in wavelength

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Question 6A sound wave can best be described as
a

• A) shock wave
• B) longitudinal wave
• C) standing wave
• D) transverse wave

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Answer 6

• B) longitudinal wave

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Question 7Given only the frequency and speed of
a sound wave, we can find

• A) wavelength
• B) character of the source
• C) intensity
• D) amplitude

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Answer 7

• A) wavelength

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Question 8Which of the following statements is
false?

• A) A sound wave consists of compressions and
  rarefaction
• B) A sound wave obeys the laws of reflection.
• C) A sound wave travels faster in a vacuum than
  in air.
• D) A sound wave transmits energy.
• E) A sound wave travels faster in warm air than
  in cold air.

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Answer 8

• C) A sound wave travels faster in a vacuum than
  in air.

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Question 9The pitch of a sound in air is
determined by

• A) its speed.
• B) the frequency of its waves.
• C) the amplitude of its waves.
• D) the density of the air.

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Answer 9

• B) the frequency of its waves.

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Question 10The lowest note detected by the
human ear has a frequency of about

• A) 2,000 Hz
• B) 20 Hz
• C) 20,000 Hz
• D) 200 Hz

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Answer 10

• B) 20 Hz

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Question 11Which color of light is refracted
the most when entering obliquely into a prism
from air?

• A) green
• B) orange
• C) red
• D) violet

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Answer 11

• D) violet

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Question 12Virtual images produced by plane
mirrors are

• A) always erect
• B) formed on the surface of the mirror
• C) enlarged in size
• D) always inverted

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Answer 12

• A) always erect

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Question 13Real images, formed by a single
lens, are always

• A) larger than the object
• B) inverted
• C) smaller than the object
• D) erect

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Answer 13

• B) inverted

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Question 14The bending of light, as it passes
from one medium to another, is called

• A) polarization
• B) dispersion
• C) reflection
• D) refraction

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Answer 14

• D) refraction

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Question 15Which of the following is not one of
the additive primary colors?

• A) blue
• B) yellow
• C) red
• D) green

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Answer 15

• B) yellow