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How Did We Get Sooo Modern

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Industrial revolution supplies the pot in which the Enlightenment can stew ... Hereditary aristocracy. Basic Tenets of the Enlightenment. Autonomy of reason ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: How Did We Get Sooo Modern


1
How Did We Get Sooo Modern?
  • Placing the 20th C. in Context

2
The 18th C. the AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
  • Industrial revolution supplies the pot in which
    the Enlightenment can stew
  • Thinkers from Paris and London Descartes,
    Pascal, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, etc.
  • Human reason can combat ignorance, superstition
    tyranny
  • Provided basis for
  • French American revolutions
  • Rise of capitalism socialism
  • Targets
  • organized religion
  • Hereditary aristocracy

3
Basic Tenets of the Enlightenment
  • Autonomy of reason
  • The world can progress and approach perfection
  • We can discover causality
  • Principles govern
  • nature
  • man
  • society

4
Rene Descartes1596-1650
  • "father" of modern philosophy
  • integrate philosophy with the "new" sciences
  • he may doubt, he cannot doubt that he exists
  • I think, therefore I am.
  • Focus reason, abstraction, definition

5
Sir Isaac Newton(1642-1727) Mathematician and
physicist
  • Focus
  • OBSERVATION
  • EXPERIENCE
  • Fundamental Cosmic laws applicable from the
    tinniest object to the entire universe
  • During Enlightenment, Newtons analytical methods
    are applied to every arena of thought and
    knowledge
  • Order arises from the analysis of observed facts

6
Have you had your apple today?
  • Discovers gravity
  • Asserts the force governing the motion of the
    apple also determines the motion of the moon
  • Orbits travel in an ellipse

7
Newtons Mechanical Universe
  • Mathematical models can explain the behavior of
    the universe
  • Universe functions rationally predictably
  • Gravity explains the consistent mechanical
    movement of universe
  • Theology religion are no longer necessary to
    explain physical phenomena of universe

8
Well then, what about God?
  • Universe resembles a clock built by God
  • God sets the universe in motion
  • Follows concept of INERTIA every object rests
    until moved by another object every object in
    motion stays in motion until redirected or
    stopped by another object
  • God starts the world and steps back

9
AND IFThe universe is a machine we can
understand through observation
  • THEN
  • SO CAN HISTORY, ECONOMICS, POLITICS, HUMAN
    CHARACTER
  • AND THEY CAN BE ENGINEERED OR IMPROVED LIKE
    MACHINES

10
The Rise of Deism
  • Newton separates the mechanical universe from
    religious explantion
  • If the universe was created by God and is also
    rational ? God is rational
  • To understand the workings of the universe is to
    understand the mind of God
  • Therefore, religion itself is rational

11
The Prevalence of English Deism
  • Impersonal deity
  • Common morality of all humans
  • Faith in humanity
  • Assumed that man is guided by reason
  • Rejection of original sin
  • Salvation comes through social contract
  • Man must save himself

12
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) Converting Knowledge
into a Rational System
13
Medicine the Enlightenment
  • Body as natural system that functioned
    predictably rationally it operated like a
    machine
  • Disease is a malfunction
  • Study of disease known as pathology
  • Blood circulation, inoculation, anatomy,
    microscopic anatomy

14
The Enlightenments Impact on History
  • Historical truth derives from objective review of
    the human record
  • Man evolves and progresses
  • Laws govern both heavenly earthly matters
  • Laws give power to kings power rather than kings
    giving power to laws. Viva la France!
  • Law seen as a relationship between people
  • Increasing focus on individual liberty
  • Enlightenment sought reform of monarchy

15
The Pendulum Swings Romanticism
  • Romantics view the Enlightenment
  • hyper rational
  • Dehumanizing
  • Emotionally restrictive
  • Superficial source of knowledge
  • Romantics critical of industrial revolution,
    middle class materialism
  • Celebrates the I, Nature, feeling imagination
  • Belief in mans innate goodness

16
THE NOBLE SAVAGE
  • 18th C. increased travel
  • Expansion of British Empire colonialism
  • Europeans considered their civilization advanced
  • They encountered the noble savage
  • Reinforced notion of progress
  • Reinforced ideas of a universal moral sense
    inherent in man

17
The Deep Sea Cables by Rudyard Kipling 1896
18
Nearing the End Fin de Siecle (The End of an
Age)
  • Late Victorian reaction to rigid moral system
  • The approach of the 20th C.
  • Daring new styles, attitudes, behavior
  • Artists broke from moral constraints emphasized
    spirituality, sensuality, love
  • Era that coined the terms homosexual, lesbian,
    heterosexual

19
ART FOR ARTS SAKE
  • Rebellion against Victorian morals
  • Defied notion that art had a moral or didactic
    purpose
  • Art is not utilitarian
  • valuable simply as art
  • need only be beautiful
  • Can be enjoyed apart from its representational
    subject matter
  • Concept is precursor to abstract art
  • Life should copy art
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