Chemistry

1
Chemistry
Energy Transformations
2
Engagement
Lindow Man A Chemical Mystery

• Cheshire County, England
• Where it all began

3
Engagement
Lindow Man How it All Began

• May 13, 1983 Lindow Moss Peat Co.
• Andy Mould found a womans head in the peat.
• Police believed it was Peter Reyn-Bardts wife
  who had been missing for 20 yrs.
• Autopsy tests revealed that the head was 1750
  years old.

4
Engagement
Lindow Man How it All Began

• August 1, 1984
• Andy Mould finds a foot in the machinery.
• Entire body removed and freeze-dried.
• 2000 years old

5
Engagement
Lindow Man Bog Chemistry

• Anaerobic
• Antimicrobial properties
• Highly acidic pH4
• Preserves
• Skin
• Hair
• Nails
• Cold
• Prevented decay

pH0 Highly Acidic ( Battery Acid)
pH4 Moderately Acidic (Acid Rain,
Lindow bog)
pH7 Neutral (Ex. Pure Water)
pH14 Highly Basic (Ex. Drain Cleaner)
6
Engagement
Lindow Man View of the Skull
7
Engagement
Lindow Man Bog Temperature

• Located in Northern England
• Extremely COLD!

8
Engagement
Lindow Man analytical techniques Mass
Spectrometry
When an organism dies, replenishment of 14C
stops. The percentage of 14C steadily decreases
at a known rate. The longer the organism is dead,
the less 14C remains.
9
Engagement
Lindow Man Analytical Techniques Electron Spin
Resonance Spectroscopy

• Measures thermal decomposition
• Detects unpaired electrons
• Examined the contents of the stomach

10
Engagement
Lindow Man analytical techniques
Scanning electron microscope

• Uses X-rays
• Examines the surface characteristics of materials
• This examination noted that Lindow man had a
  beard and mustache
• From this scan, an image of Lindow man was
  compiled

11
Engagement
Lindow Man Images
12
Engagement
Bog bodies Evaluating Information

• Chemistry of the bog-aided in preservation of the
  bodies
• Analytical techniques- assisted with collecting
  data for analysis of the bog bodies
• Mystery of Lindow Man- What REALLY happened??

13
Engagement
Lindow Man What scientists have discovered

• Threefold death
• Head trauma
• Strangled
• Throat cut
• Celtic sacrifice

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COMPOSTING
Exploration
Composting Overview HO1.1

• Materials
• One per student
• Laboratory Notebooks
• Gloves
• Per group
• Composting Columns
• Composting Materials- Student supplied
• Supplied Materials- Teacher supplied

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COMPOSTING
Exploration
Composting Qualitative Analysis HO 1.1

• 1. Design a chart for your individual materials.
• List all materials
• Use descriptive words to highlight the
  similarities and differences
• 2. Consult with the rest of your group and
  optimize your group chart design to include
• A way to classify the materials from all group
  members
• Evaluate the projected performance of the group
  materials.
• 3. Choose a group spokesperson to contribute to
  the Class Chart.
• 4. As a Class, design a Class chart that
  classifies and evaluates the performance of all
  materials.

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COMPOSTING
Explanation
Composting Building an Understanding HO 1.2

• What is composting?
• What patterns did you find in the materials that
  you have been classifying? (use qualitative
  descriptions)
• What patterns did you find in the projected
  performance of the materials?
• What generalizations can you make about the
  materials that we are using in composting?

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COMPOSTING
Exploration
Composting Quantitative Analysis HO 1.3

• Compost materials
• Per group
• Compost Materials
• Compost Column
• Triple Beam Balance
• Rulers metric and English
• Graduated cylinder
• 250 mL Beaker

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COMPOSTING
Exploration
Composting Quantitative Analysis HO 1.3

• Procedure
• Design a group chart that will display the
  dimensions (metric and English units), mass and
  volume of your compost material.
• Using the rulers estimate the dimensions of each
  piece of compost.
• Using the triple beam balance, take a mass of
  each object or if necessary, group of objects.
• We now need the volume of each object. Using the
  equipment available, find the approximate volume
  of each object.
• Compare the mass and volume of your composting
  materials to the rest of the class.

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COMPOSTING
Explanation
Composting Building an Understanding HO 1.4

• What was the mass of each groups compost
  material?
• What was the approximate volume of each groups
  materials?
• What is the average mass of the Class Compost
  materials?
• What is the average volume?

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Explanation
Composting Building an Understanding HO 1.4

• As the compost material ages in the column, we
  expect to see changes in the materials. Will we
  see changes in the mass and volume? Why?
• Sometimes a better way to view changes in groups
  of objects is to look at averages. Over the next
  few weeks we will continue to observe the Compost
  Columns and look for changes in individual
  columns and in all of the columns. What changes
  might we expect to see?
• When material changes in the column what is
  taking place? (Refer to phase change
  exploration)
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
  transformed. How is energy being Changed?
• How can we observe these changes?

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Column Calibration
Exploration
Composting Building an Compost Column HO 1.5

• Materials
• Compost Materials
• Compost Column
• Triple Beam Balance
• Rulers metric and English
• Graduated cylinder
• 250 mL Beaker
• small square of panty hose
• rubber band
• hot water

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Column Calibration
Exploration
Composting Column Calibration HO 1.5

• 1. Take two clear plastic 2-liter or 3-liter
  bottles (of the same type) and name them A and B.
  Remove the labels from the bottles as best as you
  can.
• 2. Cut off the top of A below the area where
  it stops curving. Cut off the bottom of B before
  it starts curving toward the bottom.
• 3. Tie off the spout of bottle B with pantyhose
  and a rubber band. The compost will drain
  through this cloth.
• 4. Invert bottle B into bottle A to where the
  spout of B is facing the bottom of bottle A. The
  compost materials will go in bottle B and the
  drainage/compost tea will fall into the bottom of
  bottle A.
• 5. Insert the cut-off top of bottle A into the
  area above the compost. Water will be poured
  through here to aide in decomposition.
• 6. The compost columns need to be in a
  well-ventilated, naturally-lit, warm area in
  order for decomposition to occur.

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Column Evaluation
Evaluation
Composting Qualitative Analysis HO 1.5 1.6

• 1. Using the balance, measure the mass of the
  composting column before it is created. Record
  the measurement.
• 2. Using the balance, measure the mass of the
  column after the composting material has been
  added. Record the measurement.
• 3. Record the total volume of composting
  material on the column and record the reading.
• 4. There are a number of ways that the
  transformation that occur in the composting
  column can be investigated. What manifestations
  of change could be observed and recorded? What
  are could cause these observations?

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Composting Evaluation
Evaluation
Composting Evaluation HO 1.7

• Measure the mass of the assigned object and
  record your answer on the evaluation form.
• Measure the volume of the unknown liquid using
  the graduated cylinder and record your answer on
  the evaluation form.
• Discuss the criteria that were used to classify
  and evaluate the composting material before
  creation of the column. What do you think will
  happen to the mass and the volume of the
  composting material over time?