The Psychological Society

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The Psychological Society 1950
-2000 Popularization of psychology throu
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Carl Rogers client-centered therapy, one of
the most popular during the growth years of the
1950s and 1960s, featured active listening to
encourage clients to discover their own goals and
values and actualize their own potentials.
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Eric Berne and his colleagues popularized an
updated psychoanalytic theory, Transactional
Analysis, in books like Games People Play and
this one.
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Leahys views on the psychological
evolution of post-WWII
cultural values


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Cartman to Psychologists
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Leahey to Humanist Psychologists
Mental Midgets PHILO-SOPHICAL LIGHT-WEIGHTS
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Thomas Huxley, the keynote speaker at Johns
Hopkins Us dedication and Darwins Bulldog,
had a grandson named Aldous
In the 1950s he was an early explorer of drugs,
mysticism, and Vedanta. Long before that he
foresaw a different possible outcome of the
growth of technology, social engineering, and the
widespread use of pharmacology to engineer human
happiness
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Speaking in 1961 at the California Medical
School in San Francisco, Huxley warned "There
will be in the next generation or so a
pharmacological method of making people love
their servitude and producing dictatorship
without tears, so to speak, producing a kind of
painless concentration camp for entire societies
so that people will in fact have their liberties
taken away from them but will rather enjoy it."
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Two (Psychiatry- Doubting) Thomases Szasz and
Cruise, in 2004
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Kraepelin said that psychiatric diseases are
mainly caused by biological and genetic
disorders. His psychiatric theories dominate the
field of psychiatry. Kraepelin opposed the
approach of Sigmund Freud. He is credited with
differentiating the previously unitary concept of
psychosis into two forms 1) Manic-
Depression, and 2) dementia praecox, today
called schizophrenia. At first Kraepelin
differentiated between 1) catatonia, 2) dementia
paranoides, and 3) dementia praecox. Later he
grouped these, and the earlier diagnoses of
hebephrenia, as manifestations of the same
underlying disease.
Emil Kraepelin 1856 1926 )
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Evelyn Hooker 1907 1996)
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David Rosenhan On Being Sane in Insane
Places Science 19 January 1973. Rosenhans 8
subjects, who claimed to hear voices but
otherwise acted normally, were admitted to
psychiatric hospitals, diagnosed with
schizophrenia (7) and manic-depression (1), and
hospitalized an average of 18 days. They were
released in remission.
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In 1974, the Supreme court decided OConnor v.
Donaldson, which declared the involuntary commitme
nt of non- dangerous persons unconstitutional in
the absence of effective treatment. Recent
Supreme Court cases have permitted
the involuntary medication of mentally ill
prison inmates.
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Table from Eysencks classic critique of the
effectiveness of psychotherapy, published in
the Journal of Consulting Psychology in 1957. He
found no differences among different types
of therapy, and no support that persons
receiving therapy improved more than those that
did not. He noted the available studies lacked
adequate controls, and he called for better
research (such as randomized clinical trials).
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Dr Read said I hope we soon see a more balanced
and evidence-based approach to schizophrenia and
people using mental health services being asked
what has happened to them and being given help
instead of stigmatizing labels and mood-altering
drugs.
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Joseph Jastrow (1863 1944) received the first
psychology Ph.D. in America from Johns Hopkins in
1886. (Youll find his name first on the plaque
in the hall.) Highly published in his lifetime,
his work with optical illusions and psychophysics
is still cited today. In 1935 he reflected on
the history and fate of psychology in the journal
American Scholar. The article is insightful, and
funny, and for me confirms the pleasure and value
of reading the history of psychology.
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Psychology Under Construction