Disclaimer

1
Disclaimer

• The views expressed in this paper are the
• views of the author and do not necessarily
• reflect the views or policies of the Asian
• Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of
• Directors or the governments they
• represent. ADB makes no representation
• concerning and does not guarantee the
• source, originality, accuracy,
• completeness or reliability of any
• statement, information, data, finding,
• interpretation, advice, opinion, or view
• presented.

2
Selected ADB Policies

• Fighting Poverty in Asia and the Pacific New
  Poverty Reduction Strategy of the ADB 1999
• Policy on Gender and Development, approved in May
  1998
• Policy on Indigenous Peoples, approved in April
  1998
• Policy on Cooperation between ADB and Non
  Governmental Organizations (NGOs) (1998)
• Inspection Policy (1996)
• Involuntary Resettlement (1995)

3
POVERTY REDUCTIONTHE THREE PILLARS

• Pro-poor
• Sustainable
• Economic
• Growth

Good Governance
Social Development
4
POVERTY REDUCTIONObjective

• 1. Pro-poor Sustainable Economic Growth
• labor intensive growth
• sound macroeconomic management
• policies to remove market distortions
• policies to foster employment creation
• infrastructure which expands access to the poor
• investment targeted to poorer areas

5
POVERTY REDUCTIONObjective

• 2. Good Governance and Public Management
• Free of political distortions
• Transparent and Participatory
• Accountable, demandbased, serving citizens
• Decentralized, with effective Local Governments
• Sound fiscal management
• Sound and Pro-poor government subsidies
• Non discriminatory laws and accessible Courts of
  Justice

6
POVERTY REDUCTIONObjective

• 3. Social Development
• Human capital capabilities
• Social capital bonding, bridging and linking
• Social inclusion - overcoming exclusion and
  marginalization reduce social conflict promote
  social cohesion
• Targeting of basic social services to the poor
• Removal of gender discrimination counter the
  feminization of poverty
• Social protection reducing risk for the poor

7
GENDER OPERATIONAL APPROACHES

• 1. Country Strategy
• Gender considerations
• How does the Bank intend to promote womens
  development in the country?
• How will Banks operational programs address and
  support gender strategy?

8
GENDER OPERATIONAL APPROACHES

• 2. Loans
• Promote mainstreaming identify special features
  and strategies for projects to foster womens
  involvement and benefits to women
• Design special projects targeting women as well
  as stand-alone GAD projects to address glaring
  gender disparities.

9
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

• Objectives of Bank Policy on Indigenous People
• Should avoid negatively affecting indigenous
  people
• Provide adequate and appropriate compensation
  when a negative impact is unavoidable
• Ensure that Banks development initiatives
  affecting indigenous peoples are effective and
  sustainable
• Compatible with indigenous peoples culture and
  social and economic institutions
• In line with their needs, aspirations and demands
• Consultation with indigenous people
• Clear mechanisms for accurate analysis of their
  circumstances

10
Approach to intervention

• Maximize the benefit of intervention to IPs
• Minimize unavoidable negative impacts on IPs
• Prepare clear mechanisms for accurate and
  objective analysis of their circumstances
• Ensure transparency and accountability

11
NGO Contributions to Loan and Technical
Assistance Activities

• Responsiveness NGOs can help that projects are
  implemented in ways that respond to local needs.
• Participation NGOs can serve as bridges between
  project authorities and affected communities, as
  well as providing structures for participation.
• Sustainability NGOs can help provide continuity
  in project work, especially when implementing
  agencies lack capacity or when staffing changes.

12
INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT

• Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement if
  possible.
• If resettlement cannot be avoided, COMPENSATE and
  REHABILITATE.
• Restoring incomes and livelihoods can be more
  challenging than relocating housing.

13
DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLE

• People affected should at least be as well off as
  they would have been in the absence of the
  project.
• For the poor and vulnerable resettlement can
  enhance their status and incomes.

14
ADB Policy on Resettlement Key Points SUMMARY

• 1. Avoid Involuntary resettlement where feasible
• 2. Minimize resettlement effects
• 3. For people unavoidably displaced,
• compensate
• assist in housing relocation
• restore incomes and livelihoods

15
ADB Policy on Resettlement Key Points SUMMARY
4. Treat resettlement as part of the Project -
prepare time bound action plan and budget
5. Inform affected people fully. Consult them
closely 6. Support the social and cultural
institutions of resettlers 7. Assist all people,
even without formal title
16
ADB Policy on Resettlement Key Points SUMMARY
8. Help vulnerable groups improve their
status 9. Treat involuntary resettlement costs as
a part of the project budget 10. Budget for
resettlement and compensation - and assist the
borrower to meet these costs if requested
17
Resettlement Risks Reconstruction

• Land based resettlement, development,
  intensification
• job training, placement, project jobs, capital
  for businesses
• House reconstruction
• Social inclusion, participatory process, restore
  eco/social base
• improved access/ health care quality
• food crops nutrition programs
• Restore community assets/services access to
  resources
• rebuild social networks, communities, enhance
  social capital

• Landlessness
• Joblessness
• Homelessness
• Marginalization
• Increased morbidity/mortality
• Food insecurity
• Loss of access to common property
• social disarticulation

18
THE PROCESS

• Poverty Analysis
• Forums with Civil Society/NGOs and High-level
  Forum
• National Poverty Reduction Strategy
• ADB Country Operational Strategy/ Country
  Assistance Plans
• Partnership Agreement
• Project Preparatory Technical Assistance
• Project Implementation

19
ADB OM Sections GPs in Social Development

• OM/GP Sections approved January 1997
• Incorporation of Social Dimensions in Bank
  Operations
• Gender and Development
• Involuntary Resettlement - Revisions proposed.
• Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation
• In preparation
• Indigenous Peoples (draft prepared 2000)
• NGOs
• Participation

20
THE PROCESS

• Poverty Analysis
• Forums with Civil Society/NGOs and High-level
  Forum
• National Poverty Reduction Strategy
• ADB Country Operational Strategy/ Country
  Assistance Plans
• Partnership Agreement
• Project Preparatory Technical Assistance
• Project Implementation

21
New Business Practice Proposal

• Summary of the Key Points
• Use the Poverty Classification
• Strengthen ISA resources, time, skills
• Use team approach to project design
• Design loans, dont just package loans
• Design through social analysis and participative
  approaches.

22
New Handbook for Poverty and Social Analysis

• Work in progress focusing on
• New methods for data collection and analysis
• Streamlining data collection
• Enhanced data collection resources, time,
  skills
• Input at critical points in loan preparation
  cycle, especially early in the cycle
• Team approach to project design
• Use of participative approaches

23
ISA - Initial Social Analysis

• Likely social impacts of the proposed loan?
• Who will benefit? Poverty, social, gender
  profile.
• What is the likely level of poverty reduction?
• Can poverty reduction/social development be
  increased?
• What governance / institutional constraints for
  the poor?
• Any risk of negative consequences?
  Minimization / mitigation strategy.
• Key stakeholders? Participation
  strategy.
• Strategy for detailed social analysis during
  design.

24
Design Phase - Poverty Social Analysis

• Collect detailed data focusing on issues
  identified
• Identify design risks and opportunities.
• Identify possible social exclusion risks.
• Identify possible social inclusion strategies.
• Confirm preferred design details with clientele.
• Conduct participatory design workshops.
• Mesh social/poverty design requirements with
  technical /economic requirements.
• Estimate expected poverty reduction impact.
• Consultative preparation of detailed mitigation
  plans, where necessary.
• Mitigation Plan

25
Loan processing Phase Confirmation of the Social
Analysis

• To confirm and validate the
• design measures,
• mitigative plans
• resources
• timeframe
• budgets
• covenants
• which have been prepared
• .and into implementation