Foreign Policy Powers

1
Foreign Policy Powers

• Shared Foreign Policy Powers

2
Who makes foreign policy?
3
Presidential Powers and Responsibilities

• Presidential powers come from two sources
• Constitutional Powers
• Commander in Chief
• Sends troops
• May use nuclear weapons
• Appoints Ambassadors
• Power to make treaties
• Head of State
• Represents and symbolizes leadership and policy
• Functions as a world leader

4
Informal Presidential leadership

• Presidents are without equal with respect to
  influencing public opinion
• People used to say to me that I was an
  astonishingly good politician and divine what the
  people are going to think I did not divine
  how the people were going to think I simply made
  up my mind what they ought to think and then did
  my best to get them to think it. Theodore
  Roosevelt
• Presidents usually get support in a foreign
  policy crisis . Not always but it is hard for
  Congress or anyone to back down on a presidents
  commitment

5
Foreign Policy Advisors

• Presidents may seek advice from various sources
• Special Advisors
• Cabinet members
• White House Staff
• Officials from specialized agencies
• Private individuals outside of government

6

• Secretary of Defense supervisor of military
  activities of the US government
• Robert Gates
• Secretary of State supervises all the
  diplomatic activities of the American government
• Condoleezza Rice
• National Security Advisor
• Stephen Hadley
• Central Intelligence Agency Director
• Michael Hayden
• Director of the Office of National Security
• John Negroponte

7
Sources of foreign policy within the executive
branch

• Department of State
• The National Security Council
• The intelligence Community
• The Department of Defense

8
State Department

• State Department is the executive agency that has
  primary authority over foreign affairs
• Supervises relationships with approximately 200
  nations, the United Nations and other
  multinational organizations
• Usually the secretary of state is the nations
  chief foreign policy advisor none the less the
  importance of state has declined since WWII

9

• In our early years Jefferson, Madison, Monroe,
  and John Q Adams were secretaries of state that
  became presidents
• State does not have a domestic constituency to
  support it
• Actually attracts critics of its primary
  responsibility of administering foreign aid

10
The National Security Council

• Created by the National Security Act of 1947
• Purpose to advise the president on integration
  of domestic, foreign, and military policies
  relating to national security
• Larger purpose to provide policy continuity
  from one administration to another
• Actually the NSC has been used the way the
  president chooses
• Members POTUS, VPOTUS, Secretaries of State,
  Defense, and Treasury, Chairman of the Joint
  Chiefs, Director of National Intelligence, and
  Assistant to the President for NSC affairs
  others by invitation

11
The Intelligence Community

• CIA, National Security Agency, Defense
  Intelligence Agency, Offices within Department of
  Defense, Bureau of Intelligence and Research in
  the Department of State, FBI, Army Intelligence,
  Air Force Intelligence, DEA, Department of
  Energy, Homeland Security, Office of the Director
  of National Intelligence

12

• Intelligence activities consists mostly of overt
  information gathering, but covert actions are
  also undertaken
• Covert activities overthrow of a regime in Iran
  1953 the Arbenz government in Guatemala in 1954
  destabilizing the Allende government in Chile
  1970-73
• Criticisms Failure to uncover 9/11 led to
  establishment of the Office of the Director of
  National Intelligence to oversee the intelligence
  community

13
Department of Defense

• The department was created in 1947 to bring the
  control of the military establishment under the
  jurisdiction of a single department headed by a
  civilian secretary of defense
• Simultaneously the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
  consisting of the commanders of the various
  military branches and a chairperson, was created
  to formulate