The last phase

1
The last phase

• Space craft

2
Space Travel

• Science fiction
• H. G. Wells
• The Time Machine 1895
• War of the Worlds 1898
• Tales of Space and Time 1899
• The First Men on the Moon 1901
• Jules Verne
• le Voyage au Centre de la Terre 1864
• de la Terre a la Lune 1865

3
Georges Méliès1861-1938

• Early experimenter in film
• first narrative films
• invented
• stop motion
• slow motion
• fade out
• dissolve
• Le Voyage dans la Lune, 1902

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Momentum
Mf Vf Mr Vr to maximize Vr, we maximize
Vf, that is, have a high velocity, hot exhaust
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Early development

• Chinese credited with development of rockets
• solid fuel - gunpowder
• 1232, likely first use of rockets against Mongols
  in defense of the city Kai-feng
• quickly spread to Europe

6
Scientific Approachto Rockets

• Three major players
• Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky 1857-1935 (Russian)
• Robert Goddard 1882-1945 (American)
• Hermann Oberth 1894-1989 (German)

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Tsiolkovsky

• Family of modest means (deaf)
• at 16, went to Moscow university
• chemistry
• mathematics
• astronomy
• mechanics
• returns, becomes teacher in Borovsk
• transfers in 1892 to Kaluga

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• Builds a wind tunnel to test aerodynamic shapes
• effects of air friction
• small grant from the Academy of Sciences
• 1895, book (Dreams of Earth and Sky)
• 1896, book (Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means
  of Reaction Devices)

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• Problems of rockets in space,
• heat transfer
• navigation
• fuel supply
• he never built a rocket

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Oberth

• Studied aeronautics
• simulated weightlessness
• designed a long-range liquid fuel rocket
• sought a Doctoral degree from Heidelburg 1922
• thesis topic The Rocket into Interplanetary
  Space - rejected

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• Published the book on his own
• 1929 published Ways to Space Flight - won a
  prize
• anticipated ion rockets
• 1931 patent on liquid fuel rocket
• first rocket launched May 7, 1931
• 1940-41 worked at Peenemünde with von Braun on V2

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Goddard

• Influenced by Wellss War of the Worlds
• PhD at Clark University, Worcester MA
• taught physics there until his death
• proved that rockets would work in a vacuum (NY
  Times)
• first to build a liquid fuel rocket (oxygen and
  gasoline)

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• First test of liquid fuel rocket in 1925
• first flight of rocket March 16, 1926 on Aunt
  Effies farm, Auburn MA
• funded by Smithsonian Institution
• later by Guggenheim Fund (Charles Lindburgh)
• moved to Roswell, NM for larger tests
• broke the sound barrier in 1935
• designed a steering apparatus

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• Designed a multi-stage rocket
• during WW2, he offered his designs and patents to
  the Army - rejected
• Germans took the lead based on Oberth and Goddard
• later, military built rockets based on his
  designs - ultimately paid 1 million
• but Goddard died before this
• Clark University maintains a collection of his
  creations

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Beginning of Space Exploration

• WW2 - development of the V2 rocket by Germany
• alcohol and liquid oxygen
• 12 tons
• range of about 200 miles
• US develops nuclear weapons
• the combination was impressive

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• US set up three entities
• Navy JPL Army
• . Civilian von Braun
• . Et al.
• Small, low priority belief was that the US was
  far ahead of USSR
• we had most of the German engineers and lots of
  V2 rockets

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Big Surprise

• October 4, 1957 Sputnik 1, 84 kg
• November 3, 1957 Sputnik 2, 508 kg with Laika
• http//ham.spa.umn.edu/kris/laika.html
• clearly the USSR was far ahead and close to
  manned flight
• response - Vanguard (Navy) December 1957 -
  exploded

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• Redstone (Army) January 1958 - successful -
  discovered the van Allen radiation belts
• end of 1958 - creation of NASA - subsumed
  military effort (except ICBMs) and, later, JPL
• January 1959 - Luna 1 - flyby of the Moon
• April 12, 1961 Vostok 1 with Yuri Gargarin on
  board
• a belief (fear) that the Soviets were heading for
  the Moon

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• Kennedy and Johnson elected in 1961
• Bay of Pigs invasion failed
• May 1961, Kennedy gives speech - land men on the
  Moon before 1970
• Tasks
• landing site
• surface properties
• space craft and rocket

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• Programs
• Ranger 1961-65 1,7,9 worked
• Surveyor 1966-68 1,3,5,6,7
• Lunar Orbiter 1966-67 1-5
• Mercury 1961-63 1 man
• Gemini 1965-66 2 man
• Apollo 1968 3 man
• 7 orbited Earth
• 8 new Saturn rocket
• 9 orbited the Moon

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• Apollo 10 orbited Moon, lunar module separated
• Apollo 11 July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin
  Aldrin land on Mare Tranquilitatis

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Theory of Exploration

• Naked eye
• telescope
• crude (Galileo)
• refined (achromatic, reflectors)
• Space craft (Moon and Mars)
• fly by
• atmosphere
• size and position of planet

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• Fly by (Moon and Mars)
• temperatures on surface
• magnetic field
• some photographs of surface features
• Orbiters (Moon and Mars)
• photography of the whole planet
• temperatures of whole planet
• altimetry
• seasonal changes

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• Landers (Moon)
• samples of the surface
• age of planet
• history of planet
• origin of the planet
• Colonization (not yet)

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Apollo missions

• 11 Mare Tranquilitatis old mare
• 12 Oceanus Procellarum young mare
• 13 failed
• 14 Fra Mauro highland
• 15 Hadley Rille rille high.
• 16 Descartes plains
• 17 Taurus Littrow highlands

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Goals

• Questions
• what kind of rocks (basalt lava and ???)
• what ages
• what events
• Synthesis
• history of Moon
• origin of Moon

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Views

• Pre-Apollo
• the Moon was ancient and unchanged since
  formation. Therefore, a simple place where
  volcanism dominated.
• Reality
• Moon has had a complicated history. Difficult to
  find old rocks. Impact dominates