From Last time

1
From Last time
Two-source interference
Diffraction grating
Week3HW on Mastering Physics due Fri. Sep. 18
Diffraction interference from many sources
Week2HW due Fri. Sep. 11
2
New topic Diffraction only one slit, but
wide

• Interference-like pattern from a single slit.

For a slit
Long wavelength wide pattern Short
wavelength narrow pattern
3
Huygens principle

• Huygens principle each portion of the slit acts
  as a source of waves
• These sources interfere according to path-length
  difference.

4
Overlapping diffraction patterns

• Two sources -gttwo diffraction patterns.
• Width central max determined by aperture.
• Larger aperture gives better angular resolution

Angularseparation
?

• For a circular aperture (e.g. lens)

5
36 Lick refractor at UC-Berkeley
D
Large aperture -gt good angular resolution
6
Diffraction from other objects
Light diffraction by pinhead

• General effect
• Clearest w/single wavelength

7
Interference summary

• Waves start in phase
• Travel different distances (extra path length
  ?)
• No longer in phase when combined (Phase diff ?)

Longer path
Here, ? ?/2 Phase diff p Crest aligns with
trough Destructive interference
Shorter path
8
Another source of phase difference

• In some cases reflection gives phase shift

n1
n2gtn1
p phase shift
n1
n2ltn1
no phase shift
9
Thin film interference
Black
Colors changing with thickness
10
180 (p radians) phase shift from reflection
?
no phase shift from reflection
air n1
ngt1
Extra path length2t
t
Thin film
? /n
air n1
Contributions to the phase difference

• Phase difference from reflection
• Top reflection has p phase shift, bottom not
• Phase difference from path length difference
• Path length difference 2t
• Gives phase difference

11
Phase difference
Reflection phase shift
wavelengths in extra path length
What happens when t ltlt all ? in
light? Constructive int. condition for some ??
12
Biological iridescence

• Some organisms seem to reflect incredibly vivid
  colors. Not by pigment, but interference!

13
(No Transcript)
14
Waves and geometry

• Interference and diffraction demonstrate that
  light is a wave.
• Doesnt always appear as a straight ray of light

but sometimes it almost does!
Geometric optics Tracing the path of light rays
15
What is a light ray?

• Light ray is a line in the direction along which
  light energy is flowing.

Ray enters eye -gt you can see the light source
16
What does a light ray do?

• Light rays travel forever in straight line
  unless they interact with matter (reflection,
  refraction, absorption)

17
What about diffraction?

• Light really behaves as a wave
• The concept of a light ray is an approximation

i.e. a lie
Wavelength ltlt aperture size, rays are good
approximation
18
Light rays from point source

• Light rays are not always parallel.
• E.g. light bulb visible from all directions
• Rays must be traveling in all directions

Light ray perpendicular to local wavefront (crest
of wave).
19
Interaction of light with matter

• Absorption

Reflection
Refraction
And all occur simultaneously
20
Reflection and Refraction

• Direction of light can be changed by
• Reflection (lets you see an object)
• Refraction (transmits light thru object)
• at an interface between different materials

• Ray ? is the incident ray
• Ray ? is the reflected ray
• Ray ? is refracted into the lucite
• Ray ? is reflected inside the lucite
• Ray ? is refracted as it enters the air from the
  lucite

Air
Plastic
21
When are materials different?

• For reflection/refraction
• materials are different if they have different
  index of refraction
• Light propagates at different speed in different
  materials.
• Due to interaction of electromagnetic wave with
  atoms in material.

Material Index of refraction
Vacuum 1.00 exactly
Air (actual) 1.0003
Air (accepted) 1.00
Ice 1.31
Water 1.33
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Oil 1.46
Pyrex glass 1.46
Crown glass 1.52
Polystyrene plastic 1.59
Flint glass 1.66
Diamond 2.41
cspeed of light in vacuum
22
What do you think?

• Pyrex stirring rod (n1.46) dipped into beaker of
  Wesson oil (n1.46). What happens to the rod?

1. Appears dark
2. Appears bright
3. Appears invisible
4. Appears curved
5. Appears inverted

Beaker of Wesson oil
Pyrex stirring rod
No reflection/refraction if index of refraction
is same.
23
Reflection

• Angle of incidence angle of reflection

• Multiple reflections
• Apply ?i?r at each surface
• trace ray

24
Why ?i?r?

• Christian Huygens modeled this in 1690
• Said that each point on wavefront acts as source
  of spherical wavelets
• Superposition of wavelets gives reflected plane
  wave such that ?i?r

?i
25
What about refraction?

• Refraction occurs when light moves into medium
  with different index of refraction.
• Result light direction bends according to
  Snells law

26
Why Snell?

• Can analyze in exactly the same way
• Light moves at different speed in different media

?i
n1
n2gtn1
v2ltv1
27
Refraction angle
n1
Reflected ray
v2ltv1
n2 gtn1
slower in medium 2
faster in medium 2
n2gtn1Refracted ray bent toward normal
n2ltn1Refracted ray bent away from normal
28
Quick quiz

• Which of these fluids has the smallest index of
  refraction(highest light speed)?

1. Fluid A
2. Fluid B
3. Fluid C
4. All equal

29
Numerical Example

• A beam of light is traveling underwater, aimed up
  at the surface at 45 away from the surface
  normal. Part of it is reflected back into the
  water, and part is transmitted into the air.

Airn21.00
?2
Watern11.33
?145
30
Quick quiz

• A trout looks up through the surface at the
  setting sun, and at the moon directly overhead.
  He sees

n21.0
n11.33

1. Moon directly overhead, sun parallel to water
   surface
2. Moon directly overhead, sun 40 above water
   surface
3. Moon 40 from vertical, sun parallel to water
   surface
4. Moon and sun aligned at 40 from vertical.

31
Total Internal Reflection

• Is possible when light is directed from n1 gt n2
  ? refracted rays bend away from the
  normal

• Critical angle angle of incidence that will
  result in an angle of refraction of 90 (sin??
  1)

32
Optical Fibers
The cladding has a lower n than the core

• Plastic or glass light pipes
• Applications
• Medicine endoscope (light can be directed even
  if bent and the surgeon can view areas in the
  body using a camera.)
• Telecommunications