Chapter 17, Patterns of Subsistence

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• How were mirror neurons first discovered?
• A controlled experiment C. The use of fMRI
• When a monkey watch a human grab a penaut D.
  There are no such thing as mirror neurons
• What is the correlation between mirror neurons
  and Autism?
• Mirror neurons are absent in autism C. Mirror
  neurons dont function properly in autism
• Mirror neurons are extremely over active in
  autism D. Mirror neurons are not related to
  autism
• Mirror neurons enable humans to have
  __________________.
• Feelings C. A Theory of Mind
• Thoughts D. Speech
• Scientist believe that the evolution of mirror
  neurons were a giant leap forward in human
  cognitive awareness.
• A. True B. False
• What is the name of the so called language
  gene?
• Hound1 C. SIR2
• Sonic D. FOXP2

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• Mirror neurons enable humans to have
  __________________.
• Feelings C. A Theory of Mind (empathize)
• Thoughts D. Speech
• Are mirror neurons related to emotional
  regulation
• A. True B. False
• How were mirror neurons first discovered?
• A controlled experiment C. The use of fMRI
• When a monkey watch a human grab a penaut D.
  There are no such thing as mirror neurons
• How are mirror neurons activated?
• With trans-magnetic stimulation C. Through
  osmosis
• Through the observation of others D. Through
  genetic manipulation
• Mirror neurons enable humans to have
  __________________.
• Feelings C. A Theory of Mind (empathy)
• Thoughts D. Speech

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Chapter 7

• Adaptations
• Patterns of Subsistence

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What Is Adaptation?

• Adaptation Any change in the structure or
  functioning of an organism that makes it better
  suited to its environment.
• This process leads to changes in the organisms
  and impacts their environment.
• The human species adapts biologically and
  culturally.

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Adaptation Vs. Acclimatization

• Adaptation Anything that helps an organism
  survive in its environment which usually occurs
  over several generations.
• Acclimatization The short-term process of
  adjusting to changes in an environment such as
  shivering for temperature regulation or
  increasing red blood cell counts to acclimatize
  to high altitudes. Usually occurs in one lifetime.

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Human Adaptations
Bolivians in the highlands use increased
hemoglobin production to adapt to the low levels
of oxygen at high altitudes, while inhabitants of
the Tibetan plateau use increased respiration.
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Why we dont all look alike
Bergmanns Rule Within a species the body mass
increases with latitude and colder climate (i.e.,
larger sub-species are found at higher altitudes
or colder climates.
Allens Rule In warm blooded species, the
relative size of the limbs of the body decreases
with decreases of mean temperature.
Glogers Rule within a species more heavily
pigmented forms tend to be found in more humid
environments (e.g., near the equator most
studied in birds). Caveats Tibetans (high UV
radiation) Inuits (diet high in vitamin D).
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v7d9M7HGFX8E
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Adaptation in Cultural Evolution

• Human groups adapt to their environments by means
  of their cultures.
• Cultural Evolution is the process of cultures
  changing over time (not to be confused with
  progress).
• Not all changes turn out to be positive, nor do
  they improve conditions for every member of a
  society.
• Complex, urban societies are not more highly
  evolved than those of food foragers.

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Human Adaptations in Prehistory

• Food foraging is a universal type of human
  adaptation and typically involves geographic
  mobility including migration.
• Adaptations involving domestication of plants and
  animals, began to develop in some parts of the
  world about 10,000 years ago.
• Horticulture led to more permanent settlements
  while pastoralism required mobility to seek out
  pasture and water.
• Cities began to develop as early as 5,000 years
  ago in some world regions.

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(No Transcript)
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Convergent Evolution

• In cultural evolution, convergent evolution is
  the development of similar cultural adaptations
  to similar environmental conditions by different
  peoples with different ancestral cultures.
• Parallel evolution is the independent evolution
  of similar traits, starting from a similar
  ancestral condition due to similar environments
  or other evolutionary pressures.

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Comanche Cheyenne

• Commanche Ancestors from highlands of southern
  Idaho.
• foragers, small animals, etc.
• Limited group size.
• Social power Shamans

• Cheyenne Ancestors from woodlands of Great
  lakes.
• Cultivated crops, gathering
• Gave up crop cultivation.

• Plains Indians such as the Comanche and Cheyenne
  developed similar cultures, as they had to adapt
  to similar environmental conditions.

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Question

• A/an ____________ is a geographic region in which
  a number of different societies follow similar
  patterns of life.
• ecosystem
• culture core
• culture type
• culture area
• sphere of influence

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Question D

• A/an culture area is a geographic region in which
  a number of different societies follow similar
  patterns of life.

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Culture Area

• This map shows the culture areas defined for
  North and Central America.
• Cultural Area a geographic region in which a
  number of societies follow similar patterns of
  life.

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Modes of Subsistence - Foragers

• Move about a great deal.
• Small size of local groups (usually gt100).
• Carrying Capacity number of people that the
  available resources can support (ecological
  factor).
• Density of social relations low number
  intensity of interactions among members higher
  means more opportunities for conflict (social
  factor).
• Egalitarian, populations have few possessions and
  share what they have.

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Question

• Which of the following does not correctly
  describe food foraging societies?
• They are egalitarian.
• They are small nomadic groups living within a
  fixed territory.
• They are primitive because they did not progress
  to a higher level.
• They are not very aggressive or warlike.
• They live in marginal areas of the world today.

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Answer C

• The following does not correctly describe food
  foraging societies
• They are primitive because they did not progress
  to a higher level.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vPro6X_Kc5wA
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Food Foragers and Population

• Frequent nursing of children over four or five
  years acts to suppress ovulation among food
  foragers such as Bushmen.
• As a consequence, women give birth to relatively
  few offspring at widely spaced intervals.

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Modes of SubsistenceThe Neolithic Food
Producing Societies

• The New Stone Age prehistoric period beginning
  about 10,000 years ago in which peoples possessed
  stone-based technologies and depended on
  domesticated plants and/or animals.
• The first agricultural revolution the
  transition from hunting gathering communities
  bands.
• 7-8 separate locales worldwide with the earliest
  in the Middle East around 10,000 ya.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vGEm6LWh8D_s
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Otzi The Ice Man (Neolithic Mesolithic)

• When did he live?
• 5,300 years ago
• Where did he live?
• Swiss Alps, between Austria Italy.
• Who was he?
• heardsman, hunter, or leader we dont really
  know.
• How did he die?
• Arrow to the back.

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Animal Domestication - Regional

• Southwest Asia This area probably included some
  of the first domesticated dogs, sheep, goats and
  pigs.
• Central Asia People raised chicken and used
  Bactrian camels for carrying loads in Central
  Asia.
• Arabia As the name implies, the Arabian camel (a
  one-humped camel, also known as a dromedary)
  originated here.
• China China was home to early domestication of
  the water buffalo, pigs and dogs.
• Ukraine People in the area that is now Ukraine
  domesticated the wild tarpan horses that
  historians believe are the ancestors of modern
  horses.
• Egypt The donkey came in handy here, as it can
  work hard without much water and vegetation.
• South America The domesticated llama and alpaca
  came from this continent. Historians believe
  South Americans saved these species from the
  brink of extinction with domestication.

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Domesticates in the Archaeological Record
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Domestication of the Dog

• The modern dog evolved from the gray wolf. 1st
  animal to be domesticated.
• Oldest fossil dog from 14,000 ya although DNA
  suggest much older 15k 100k.

• Because wolves operate in packs, humans easily
  took the place of the "highest ranking wolf." So
  the animals quickly learned obedience.
• Domestication caused the development of floppy
  ears, short snouts, spotted coats, highly-set
  tails and even a tendency to bark.

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Horticulture

• Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand
  tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
• slash-and-burn cultivation
• Also known as swidden farming.
• An extensive form of horticulture in which the
  natural vegetation is cut, the slash is
  subsequently burned, and crops are then planted
  among the ashes.
• Also used to raise cattle

• Reburning an old, overgrown slash-and-burn plot
  in the Amazon forest in Venezuela in preparation
  for new planting.
• Although it looks destructive, if properly
  carried out, slash-and-burn cultivation is an
  ecologically sound way of growing crops in the
  tropics.

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Pastoralism

• Subsistence that relies on raising herds of
  domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, and
  goats.
• Pastoralists are usually nomadic.

• In the Zagros Mountains region of Iran, pastoral
  nomads follow seasonal pastures, migrating with
  their flocks over rugged terrain that includes
  perilously steep snowy passes and fast ice-cold
  rivers.

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Locations of Major Early Civilizations

• Civilizations of Central and South America
  developed independently of those in Africa and
  Eurasia.
• Chinese civilization may have developed
  independently of those in Mesopotamia, the
  Egyptian Valley, and the Indus Valley.

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Social Evolution