Chapter 2.3: Carbon Compounds

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Chapter 2.3Carbon Compounds
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Biochemistry is. . . the chemistry of life

• 1. Molecules that make up life
• 2. Life Processes
• a. Growth
• b. Reproduction
• c. Movement
• d. Interaction with the environment

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Chemistry of Carbon

• Carbon can form four covalent bonds.
• Carbon can bond with hydrogen, oxygen,
  phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon

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Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are Giant molecules
• Macromolecules are polymers
• Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join
  together to form polymers.
• This process is called polymerization.

Macromolecules Macromolecules are Giant
molecules Consist of monomers (smaller units)
that join together to form polymers This process
is called Polymerization.
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Types of macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

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Polymer/ Macromolecule Carbohydrates

• 1. Carbohydrate function
• a. Main energy source for organisms
• b. Structure of cell membrane

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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen atom
• Monomer units monosaccharides

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Carbohydrates

• Examples
• Saccharides
• Monosaccharide single sugar molecule
• Polysaccharide polymer of monosaccharides

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Carbohydrates

• Starch Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
  that store extra sugar
• In animals, starch is called glycogen
• In plants, plant starch

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Polymer/ Macromolecule Lipids

• Lipid function
• a. Main part of cell membrane
• b. Can be used to store energy
• 2. Lipids contain mostly carbon and hydrogen
  atoms some oxygen atoms

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Lipids

• 3. Monomer units glycerol and fatty acid
• 4. Not soluble in water
• 5. Examples fats, oils, waxes, steroids

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Lipids

• Types of Lipids
• Unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids that
  are liquid at room temperature
• Example Olive oil
• Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that
  are solids at room temperatureExample Shortening

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Types of Lipids
Saturated only single bonds, maximum number of
H atoms Unsaturated at least on C C double
bond
lipid
lipid
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Polymer/ Macromolecule Proteins

• Protein function
• a. control cell processes
• b. build bones and muscles
• c. help fight disease

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Polymer/ Macromolecule Proteins

• 2. Proteins contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen,
  and oxygen atoms
• 3. Monomer units amino acids
• a. 20 types of amino acids
• b. Same general structure, but different R
  group

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Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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Polymer/MacromoleculeNucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acid function Store and transmit genetic
  information
• 2. Nucleic acids contain hydrogen, oxygen,
  nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus atoms

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Nucleotide

• 3. Monomer units nucleotides. A nucleotide has
  three parts
• 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine,
  thymine, uracil)

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Nucleic Acids

• 4. Two types
• a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• b. RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils
DNA and RNA
Enzymes (Chapter 2.4)
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How do you get macromolecules?

• You eat them
• Your body makes them

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What is a Nutrition Facts Label?
Macromolecules
Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins
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What is a Nutrition Facts Label?
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Big Mac
What percent of your total daily value of fat
comes from 1 Big Mac?
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Of the total fat, what percentage is saturated
fat?
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Approximately what is the maximum amount of
cholesterol a person on a 2000 calorie per day
diet should consume?
360 mg
How many Bic Macs would you have to eat to
receive 100 of the recommended daily value of
Vitamin C?
50
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By how many grams does the amount of fat exceed
the Daily Value for someone on a 2000 calorie
diet?
18 grams
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Approximately what percentage of total daily
calories are consumed by eating 1 triple whopper?
Assume a 2000 calorie diet.
60
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If you each the whole candy bar, how many
calories have you consumed?
740
If you each the whole candy bar, what percentage
of your daily saturated fat intake have you
consumed?
120
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Many doctors recommend 800 µg of folate, 400 µg
of vitamin B12, and 50 mg of vitamin B6 per day
to improve cardiovascular health. Based on this
information and the nutrition label, the
cardiovascular health benefit of a 1-ounce
serving of this cereal is A doubtful because
it provides insufficient folate and vitamin B6
and lacks vitamin B12B superb because it
contains only 22 g of carbohydrates and 75 mg of
sodiumC excellent because it provides all
needed vitamins and is low in fat and
cholesterolD poor because it raises blood
cholesterol levels with its high fat and
cholesterol content