Medial and orbital functions

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Lecture 4

• Medial and orbital functions

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Functional subdivision of the prefrontal cortex

• Dorsolateral
• Ventromedial
• Orbitofrontal

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The ventromedial (ant. cingulate) prefrontal
cortex A convergence zone between archicortex
and paleocortex

• Regulation of activity by integrating information
  from the internal and external worlds.
• Focused attention
• Inhibition of improper responses
• Mentalizing (theory of mind)
• Regulation of the stress level (HPA-axis)

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Two trends of cortical development
Archicortical trend
Paleocortical trend
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Posner et al. 1988
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Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness
Critchley et al., Nature Neuroscience, 7,
189-195, 2004
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Critchley et al., Nature Neuroscience, 7,
189-195, 2004
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Critchley et al., Nature Neuroscience, 7,
189-195, 2004
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Critchley et al., Nature Neuroscience, 7,
189-195, 2004
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Brodmann
Beck
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Critchley et al., Nature Neuroscience, 7,
189-195, 2004
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In search of the self
Craik et al., Psychological Science, 10, 26-34,
1999
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Cerebral blood flow increases when solving a
theory of mind task
Galagher et al., Neuropsychologia, 38, 11-21, 2000
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10 functional brain imaging studies of mentalizing
Frith, U. Frith C., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.
B, 358, 459-473, 2003
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Stress, hippocampus and the ventromedial
prefrontal cortex
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Stress model
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Effects of different degrees of stress
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The normal stress reaction and 4 types of
abnormal reactions
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Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
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The HPA-axis and its regulation
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Control Stress Recovery
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Recovery after stress in rats
Sousa et al. 2000
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Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex
No stress
No stress
Stress
Stress
No stress
Stress
Radley et al., Neuroscience, 125, 1-6, 2004
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Radley et al., Neuroscience, 125, 1-6, 2004
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Radley et al., Neuroscience, 125, 1-6, 2004
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Atrophy of the hippocampus in a MCI patient
compared to a healthy subject (NL)
McEwen et al. 1999
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Change of cortisol (5-6 years) predicts atrophy
of hippocampus
Lupien et al. 1998
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Atrophy of the hippocampus in man

• Depression
• Posttraumatic stress syndrome
• Schizophrenia
• Cushings syndrome
• Ageing
• MCI
• Dementia

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Hippocampal volume in twins with or without PTSD
Gilbertson et al. Nature Neuroscience 2002
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Hippocampal volume in twins with or without PTSD
/ war experience
Gilbertson et al. Nature Neuroscience 2002
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Duman et al. 2001
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Reduced neurogenesis in monkeys under stress
Gould et al. 1998
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Factors influencing the neurogenesis in
hippocampus
Duman et al. 2001
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Functional subdivision of the prefrontal cortex

• Dorsolateral
• Ventromedial
• Orbitofrontal

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Brodmann
Beck
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Location of activity peaks during processing of
unpleasant auditory stimuli
Petrides Pandya, 2002
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Genetiskt förprogrammerade gestalter
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Lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in the
community ()
Kessler et al Arch Gen Psych 1995
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Spider phobia
Spider Phobia
Johanson, Risberg Smith, 1998
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Behaviour items during spider activation(number
of subjects out of 16)

• Panic
  group Non-panic group
• Observed
• Increased heart rate 8
  1
• Perspiration 6
  1
• Restlessness 6
  2
• Tension
  8 8
• Frequent swallowing 8
  2
• Irregular breathing 8
  6
• Blushing 5
  2
• Enlarged pupils 5
  1
• Tremor
  7 2
• Holding the subjects hand 4
  0
• Turing off the video 2
  0

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Behaviour items during spider activation(number
of subjects out of 16)

• Panic
  group Non-panic group
• Reported
• Dizziness 3
  1
• Wishes to flight 7
  3
• Palpation of the heart 6 6
• Difficulties in breathing 6
  2
• Cold or warm 4
  0
• Perspiration 4
  2
• Feelings of fainting away 3 0
• Tremor 7
  1
• The subjects report of
• experiencing panic 8
  0

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Symptom provocation in specific phobia
Mats Fredrikson and coworkers
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Symptom provocation in social phobia
Phobic public - Phobic private
Fear
Right amygala D rCBF
Tillfors et al Am J Psych (2001)
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Symptom provocation in social phobia
Fear ratings correlate with right but not left
amygdala rCBF
Right 0.52
Left 0.11
Fear
D rCBF
D rCBF
Tillfors et al Am J Psych (2001)
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Correlation between rCBF in the right amygdala
and subjective fear
Right
Left
r 0.78
r -0.19
Fear
rCBF
rCBF
Pissiota et al Eur Arch Gen Psych Neurosci 2002