History of Group Work

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History of Group Work
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Platos Academy

• In 387 BC in a grove in the suburbs of Athens,
  Plato founded his "Academy" - dedicated to the
  Attic hero Akademos. It was a garden area
  surrounded with a wall adorned with statues,
  temples, and tombs of illustrious men planted
  with olive and plane trees.

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Academy Ruins
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Roman Mosaic of Academy
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Socrates

• Individuals arrived from all over Greece to
  pursue philosophy in the Akademeia, but Plato
  accepted only those "intoxicated to learn what
  was in their souls" (Olymp. Proll. ii 30-33).

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Jacob Moreno--psychodrama
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Bethlehem Hospital
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Bethlehem Royal Hospital

• Founded in 1247 by Sheriff Simon Fitz Mary as the
  Priory of St Mary Bethlehem outside Bishopsgate.
  In 1377 'distracted' patients were being treated
  (i.e. chained to the wall and ducked in water or
  whipped).
• In 1547 hospital was fully functioning as a
  lunatic asylum. In 1675-6 it was moved to a
  building in Moorfields. By 1800 this building had
  become unsafe and the hospital moved to a new
  building, housing 122 patients, in 1815.

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Bedlam
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• The building was quickly extended to house the
  criminally insane.
• Further extended (1835) by a dome and portico to
  the central block, and a new block to the rear,
  by Sydney Smirke.
• The first resident medical officer was only
  appointed in 1851!

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A ward in Bethlehem Hospital
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Early Pioneers

• Joseph Pratt
• Jesse Davis
• Jane Addams

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Jane Addams
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Jane Addams

• Nobel Peace Prize 1931 (with Nicholas Murray
  Butler)
• National Women's Hall of Fame 1973
• Daughters of the American Revolution Expelled

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Funeral at Hull House 1935
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Kurt Lewin
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NTL-National Training Laboratories
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National Training Laboratories

• later NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral
  Science, arrived in Bethel summer,1947.
•  Gould Academy hosted the conferences with
  administrative support, meeting facilities and
  lodgings.
•   For a number of years NTL was the client and
  Gould Academy (Bethel) was the patron.  Sometime
  between 1948 and 1980 roles of the two parties
  reversed NTL became the Patron and Bethel
  became the Client.

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Tavistock Institute of Human Relations
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Near the entrance to the Tavistock Center
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Tavistock, London, England

• Large statue of Freud near entrance to the
  Tavistock Center, on Belsize Lane, a short
  distance from the Freud museum.
• Statue intersection of Belsize Lane and
  Fitzjohns Avenue

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W. Edwards Deming1900-1993
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Deming

• 1960, Emperor of Japan decorated him with the
  Second Order Medal of the Sacred Treasure. 
  Japanese scholars created the annual Deming
  Prize. 
• In 1987, President Reagan awarded him the
  National Medal of Technology.

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14 Points

• Find problems.
• Institute modern methods of training on the job.
• Institute modern methods of supervision of
  production workers.
• Drive out fear, so that all may work for the
  company.
• Break down barriers between departments.

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14 Points--Deming

• Create constancy of purpose reward improvement
  of product and service.
• Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new
  economic age.
• Cease dependence on mass inspection.
• End the practice of awarding business on the
  basis of a price tag.
• Eliminate numerical goals, posters, and slogans
  that do not demonstrate methods for improvement.
• Eliminate work standards that prescribe numerical
  quotas.
• Remove barriers to pride of workmanship.
• Institute a vigorous program of education and
  retraining.
• Create a top management structure to pursue these
  points.

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Human Potential Movement

• 1968 Year of the Group
• Drawing by Rick Meyerowitz

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Kenneth Lamott in New York Times, November 10,
1968
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Carl Rogers 1902-1987
Daughter Dr Natalie Rogers
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Fritz Perls 1893-1970
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Big Sur, former Esalen Institute
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Irvin Yalom
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Yalom - The Theory and Practice of Group Therapy

• identified 11 "curative factors" that are the
  "primary agents of change" in group therapy.
• conducted research on group outcome

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Curative Factors of Group Instillation of
hope Improved social skills Universality Altrui
sm Information giving
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Corrective recapitulation of the primary
family Imitative behavior Interpersonal
learning Group cohesiveness Existential
factors Catharsis
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George Gazda

• First President, 1973
• Association for Specialists In Group Work

First President, 1991, Division 49
American Psychological Association
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