Geography Skills

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Geography Skills

• I. Mapping the Earth

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Terms

• Globe a scale model of the earth

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• Grid a pattern of lines that circle the earth in
  an east-west and north-south direction

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• Latitude
• Distance north or south of the equator
• Lines are called parallels

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• Longitude
• Distance east and
• west of the
• Prime Meridian
• Lines are called
• meridians

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• Equator
• 0 degrees latitude - halfway between
• the North and South Poles

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• Prime Meridian
• 0 degrees longitude, passes through
• Greenwich, England

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• Degrees are a measure of distance
• 60 minutes in a degree
• 60 seconds in a minute

Example 3637'00"N 0872622"W
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• Hemispheres

Western and Eastern
Map of the World, 1597
Northern and southern
map dated 1/1/1790
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• Continents
• The seven large landmasses on Earth

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• Oceans
• The four largest bodies of water

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• What are the seven seas?
• To the ancients, "seven" often meant "many," and
  before
• the fifteenth century, the many seas of the world
  were
• the Red Sea
• the Mediterranean Sea
• the Persian Gulf
• the Black Sea
• the Adriatic Sea
• the Caspian Sea
• the Indian Ocean

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II. Mapmaking
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• Map flat diagram of all or part of the earths
  surface

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• Atlas organized collection of maps in one book

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• Map Projections
• different ways of showing the round world on
  flat maps

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• Map Projections
• Three types are cylindrical, conic, flat-plane

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• The Robinson Projection is often used for world
  maps

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• Great-circle route The shortest route between
  any two points on the planet

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III. Map Essentials
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• Terms
• Legend or Key explain what the symbols on a
  map represent

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• Compass Rose arrows point in the cardinal
  directions

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• Scales represent distances between points on a
  map

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• Inset maps show a small part of a larger map

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IV. Working with maps
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• Physical-political
• maps
• show important
• physical and
• political features

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• Climate Maps show dominant weather patterns in a
  certain area

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• Population maps show where people live and the
  population density

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• Economic maps show important resources and
  activities of an area

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V. Using Graphs and Diagrams
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• Bar graph visual way to present information

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• Pie graph shows how a whole is divided into
  parts

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• Line graphs used to show trends, comparisons,
  and size

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• Climograph compares temperature and
  precipitation in different locations

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• Age structure diagrams percentage of males and
  females by age group in a particular area

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• Tables provide statistical information

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• Charts group information together by category,
  class, family

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• Timelines Provide highlights of important
  events over a period of time

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• Flowcharts explain different processes, leading
  from one step to the next

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• Graphic organizers Aid in understanding certain
  ideas and concepts

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• Time-Zone maps reflect the difference in the
  suns position over various areas on earth

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• International Date Line located at 180 degrees
  longitude, 12 hours difference from Greenwich

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VI. Thinking critically and writing

• Thinking critically evaluating, analyzing or
  interpreting information from a source

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VI. Thinking critically and writing

• Purposes for writing express, inform,
• classify, persuade, compare/contrast

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VI. Thinking critically and writing

• The 5-step writing process
• 1. Prewriting thinking about and planning what
  to write

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The 5-step writing process

• 2. Writing the Draft
• Topic sentence states main idea
• Body develops and supports main idea
• Conclusion summarizes main points or restates
  main idea

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The 5-step writing process

• 3. Evaluating and revising what you
• have written

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The 5-step writing process

• 4. Proofreading check for mistakes

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The 5-step writing process

• 5. Write the final version
• Read the final version
• Share the final version