Chapter 7:Psychosocial Development

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Chapter 7Psychosocial Development

• Theories explaining psychosocial development
  during the first two years of life
• Psychoanalytic
• Erikson
• Epigentic
• Attachment theory

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Freud Oral and Anal Stages

• Oral Stage1st stage, where infant obtains
  pleasure through sucking and biting
• Anal Stage2nd stage, where anus becomes main
  source of gratification, i.e., bowel movements
  and the control of them

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Erikson Trust and Autonomy

• 1st StageTrust vs. Mistrust
• basic needs need to be met with consistency,
  continuity, and sameness
• 2nd StageAutonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• basic desire to gain self-rule over their own
  actions and bodies and to feel ashamed if it
  doesnt happen

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• Through their interactions with others, children
  develop working models.
• Working modelset of assumptions used to organize
  perceptions and experiences

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Epigenetic Theory

• Each child is born with a genetic predisposition
  to develop certain traits that affect emotional
  development
• Temperamentconstitutionally based individual
  differences in emotion, motor, and attentional
  reactivity and self-regulation.
• Three types of temperament
• Goodness of fit

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Research on Temperament Nine Characteristics

• activity level, rhythmicity, approach-withdrawal
• Adaptability, intensity of reaction
• threshold of responsiveness
• quality of mood, distractibility
• attention span

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Attachment

• Enduring emotional connection
• Proximity-seeking behaviors
• Contact-maintaining behaviors
• Three types of attachments
• Secure
• Insecure-ambivalent
• Insecure-avoidant
• Disorganized

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Measuring Attachment

• Strange Situationlab procedure to measure
  attachment observed are
• exploration of the toys (caregiver present)
• reaction to caregivers departure
• reaction to caregivers return

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Secure attachment

• Explores freely using the care-giver as the base
• May be distressed at separation
• Always greets the care-giver in a warm way on
  return

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Insecure ambivalent

• Resists active exploration
• Preoccupied with care-giver
• Shows separation anxiety
• Resists as well as wants contact with care-giver
  on reunion

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Insecure-avoidant

• Explores freely and shows no unconcern for the
  care-givers presence.
• On reunion, ignores or actively avoids the
  presence of the care-giver

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Disorganized

• Does not show any coherency in behavior.
• Frozen or trance-like behavior
• May move in slow motion or stereotyped behavior

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Emotional Development in Infancy

• In the first 2 years of emotional development,
  infants progress from simple reactions to complex
  patterns of social awareness

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The First Year

• Newborns first discernable emotions
• distress
• Contentment
• Later emotions (after first weeks)
  
• anger
• fear, expressed clearly by stranger wariness and
  separation anxiety

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The Second Year

• New emotions appear
• pride
• shame
• embarrassment
• guilt

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Self-Awareness

• Foundation for emotional growth
• realization of individual distinctions
• At about 5 months begin developing a sense of
  self apart from mother
• 15-18 months the Me-self
• rouge experiment

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Pride and Shame

• Self-awareness becomes linked with self-concept
  early on
• Negative comments more likely to lead to less
  pride or shame
• Own pride can be more compelling than parental
  approval

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The Development of Social Bonds

• Social connections help us understand human
  emotions
• Social referencing