Aristotle and Taxonomy

1
Aristotle and Taxonomy

• Plants
• Groups based on stem differences
• Animals
• Groups based on where they lived

2
Problems of Names

• Local names for same plant around the world
• Confusion
• Modern problem due to travel
• What is a new species or is this a new variation?

3
Linnaean System

• Mid 1700s
• Made groups according to form and structure
• Organized multiple layers of groups
• Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  Species

4
Common Language

• Latin- dead language, unchanging, international
• Scientific names- binomial nomenclature, GENUS
  species, Homo sapiens
• E. coli

5
Modern Problem

• Too much information
• Need to classify with purpose of showing
  evolutionary relationships
• Solution A new upper level DOMAINS
• Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
• Kingdoms, now, below, domain level

6
Phylogenetics

• Analysis of evolutionary relationships
• Looking for relationships
• Homologous structures
• Fossil remains
• Biochemistry
• DNA
• ALL based on inferences

7
Cladistics

• System of classification using shared and derived
  structures
• Clade- group
• Cladograms

8
Cladogram for Dinosaurs
9
Cladogram for Hominoidea, our Family
10
Tree of Life

• Used to show evolutionary relationships
• Addition of domains
• Domain Bacteria- small unicellular, prokaryotic
• Domain Archaea- small unicellular, prokaryotic,
  unique biochemical and genetic properties

11
Cladogram showing LUCA (Last Universal Common
Ancestor) and kingdoms
12
Domain Eukarya

• All eukaryotic
• Protists, fungi, plants, animals

13
Eukaryotic Kingdoms

• Protista- eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic or
  heterotrophic, fungus-like, animal-like,
  plant-like

14
Eukaryotic Kingdoms

• Fungi- eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic,
  absorb nutrients
• Animalia- eukaryotic, multicellular,
  heterotrophic, ingest food, digest internally

15
Eukaryotic Kingdoms

• Plantae- eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic