INFLAMMATION

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INFLAMMATION REPAIR

• Dr. Imran Mirza
• Department of Laboratory Medicine Pathology
• University of Alberta

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Learning Objectives

• List the characteristics and clinical
  manifestations of acute inflammation
• Describe the possible outcomes of an inflammatory
  reaction
• Compare infection and inflammation and describe
  some of the terms used

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Inflammatory Reactions

• A nonspecific response to any agent that causes
  cell injury
• Agents may be
• Physical (heat or cold)
• Chemical (concentrated acid)
• Microbiologic (bacterium or virus)

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The Players
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Local and Systemic Effects of Inflammation
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Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation

• Heat and redness
• Dilated blood vessels and slowing of blood
  through capillaries
• Swelling
• Accumulation of fluid and exudate due to
  extravasation of plasma
• Tenderness and pain
• Irritation of nerve endings

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Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation
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Inflammatory Process

• Acute inflammatory process
• most important cell is the polymorphonuclear
  leukocyte, an actively phagocytic cell
• later the mononuclear cells (monocytes,
  macrophages) that clean up the debris
• Systemic effects become evident, i.e.
• feeling ill and ? temperature
• the bone marrow ? its production of leukocytes,
  which ? in bloodstream
• Mild inflammatory process it soon subsides,
  tissues returning to normal (resolution)

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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

• The characteristic features of the inflammatory
  reaction are not caused by the tissue damage
  itself
• They are caused by chemical agents (chemical
  mediators) formed when tissues are damaged
• Some mediators are derived from cells
• Some mediators are formed from proteins in the
  blood plasma

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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Mediators released from cells
Mediators (kinins) from plasma
Mediators from complement activation
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Cell Derived Mediators

• Mast cells widely distributed throughout
  connective tissue their cytoplasm is filled with
  granules containing histamine (potent
  vasodilator)
• Prostaglandins (PG) synthesized by cells from
  arachidonic acid present in cell membranes
• Leukotrienes same as PG

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Blood Plasma Mediators

• Bradykinins (kinins) their formation is
  triggered by one of the proteins concerned with
  blood coagulation.
• Complement group of blood proteins, consisting
  of 9 separate protein components, that are
  activated when an antigen combines with an
  antibody or by other ways that do not require
  antigen-antibody reaction.

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Harmful Effects of Inflammation

• The tissue injury results in part from the
  injurious agent and in part to the inflammatory
  reaction itself.
• When the inflammatory reaction is not
  self-limited and persists, it is necessary to
  suppress it by administering adrenal
  corticosteroid hormones or other agents to reduce
  the tissue damage.

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INFECTION

• An inflammatory process caused by disease
  producing organisms
• itis inflammation
• Cellulitis acute spreading infection at any site
• Abscess infection associated with breakdown of
  tissue and formation of pus
• Septicemia overwhelming infection where
  pathogenic bacteria gain access to blood stream

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INFECTION
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INFECTION

• Relationship between the invading organism and
  the defenses of the body
• Many microbiologic agents are not harmful to
  humans
• The organisms that are capable of causing human
  disease are pathogenic agents
• Factors influencing the outcome
• Virulence of organism
• Numbers of invading organisms
• Resistance of hosts body (infected individual)

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Factors Influencing Outcome of Infection
Course of Infection
Virulence and dosage
Body Defenses
Progressive disease
Resolution and healing
stalemate chronic infection
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Factors Influencing Outcome of Infection

• Virulence of organism ease with which a
  pathogenic organism can overcome the defenses of
  the body
• Highly virulent organism one that produces
  disease in the majority of susceptible
  individuals
• Low virulence organism one that produces disease
  only in susceptible individuals under favorable
  conditions

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CHRONIC INFECTION

• State in which the pathogenic organism and the
  host are evenly matched
• Relatively quiet, smoldering inflammation,
  associated with repeated attempts of healing on
  the part of the host
• Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and monocytes are
  predominant cells in chronic inflammatory process

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INFLAMMATION

• http//www.muhealth.org/pharm204/inflammation.mov
  

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Outcome of Inflammation
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