Title: Population Reports
1Population Reports
- Meeting the Urban Challenge
Prepared by Don Hinrichsen Ruwaida M. Salem,
MPH Richard Blackburn, MS Series M, Number
16 Fall 2002
Related Materials Online
Meeting the Urban Challenge www.populationreports
.org/m16edsum.shtml
Questions Answers www.populationreports.org/qa
s/m16/
Quiz www.populationreports.org/prquiz/urban_intro
.shtml
Population Reports
2Overview
- Urban Population Trends
- Urban Poor
- Urban Pollution and Health
- Impact on the Environment
- Making Urban Areas Work
Population Reports
3URBAN POPULATION TRENDS
Population Reports
4An Urban Future
- In 2007 half of worlds population will be urban
(about 3.2 billion people) - Developed world Latin America
- About 75 of population lives in urban areas
- By 2030 84 will live in urban areas
- Developing world
- 40 of the population lives in urban areas
- By 2030 56 will live in urban areas
Population Reports
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6Growing Number of Big Cities
274
114
Population Reports
Source United Nations (2002)
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8Explaining Urban Growth
- Migration from rural and other urban areas
- more prominent during initial phases of
urbanization - Natural population increase
- more prominent during later phases of
urbanization - Reclassification of rural areas to urban
Population Reports
9THE URBAN POOR
Population Reports
10Urban Poverty Statistics
- Conservative estimates from the World Bank
- 30 of poor people live in urban areas
- By 2020 40 will live in urban areas
- By 2035 50 will live in urban areas
-
Population Reports
11More World Bank Estimates
- 1988 330 million urban poor in developing world
were living on lt1/day - 2000 495 million urban poor in developing world
were living on lt1/day
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12Insufficient Incomes
- Unemployment levels relatively low in urban areas
- Shift from formal sector employment to informal
labor market - Low status
- Low wages
- Long hours
- Unsafe work conditions
-
Population Reports
13Informal Labor Market
Population Reports
14Inadequate Housing and Services
- Over 1 billion urban residents worldwide live in
inadequate housing - Slum residents usually lack security of tenure
- Legal housing is scarce and too expensive
- Urban poor usually pay more for services of
inferior quality
Population Reports
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16Pollution and Health
Population Reports
17Water and Sanitation
- Urbanization can increase per capita use of
freshwater - WHO and UNICEF Number of urban residents without
access to improved water rose from 113 million in
1990 to 173 million in 2000 - 1/3 of urban water supplies
- in Africa and Latin America
- and 1/2 in Asia operate
- intermittently
-
Population Reports
18Water-Related Diseases
- Worldwide, about 2.3 billion people suffer from
water-related diseases - Nearly half of urban residents in Africa, Asia,
and Latin America suffer from one or more of the
main diseases - Diarrheal diseases are responsible for 90 of
health problems - Estimated 4 billion cases/year, causing 3-4
million deaths
Population Reports
19Outdoor Air Pollution
- Latin American cities struggle with high
suspended particulate matter ozone levels - Asian cities face similar problems, with rapid
growth of cities, more fuel use more vehicles - Developed countries have strict environmental
standards, but energy consumption is greater
pollution levels often exceed standards
Population Reports
20Outdoor Air Pollution
- WHO estimates that 1.5 billion urban dwellers
face pollution levels that exceed recommended
levels - In Asia, 1.5 million people die every year from
pollution related diseases - In the US particulate pollution causes one-fifth
of all lung cancers - Worldwide health costs of urban air pollution are
estimated at 1 billion a year
Population Reports
21Indoor Air Pollution
- A particular problem in rural areas however,
millions of urban poor also suffer - Estimates suggest that urban indoor air pollution
kills about 600,000 annually - Worldwide, 3 billion people rely on biomass fuels
for household cooking heating - These fuels emit large amounts of smoke, directly
inside dwelling without ventilation
Population Reports
22Indoor Air Pollution
- Urban poor often cannot afford cleaner fuels
- Women and children suffer the most
- Cleaning up indoor air is also a
- compelling public health need
- A number of technical, behavioral
- and policy approaches could help
Population Reports
23Impact on the Environment
Population Reports
24Urban Environment
- Rapid urbanization can create stress on the
natural environment - Urban areas take up 2 of the earths surface,
but account for 75 of industrial wood use - 60 of water for human use goes to urban areas
- Per capita resource consumption, water air
pollution, and soil degradation contamination
have increased
Population Reports
25Urban Expansion
- Unplanned unregulated urban development leads
to haphazard expansion worsening urban living
conditions - Industrial development takes place without
concern for environment - Economic growth can contribute to urban
environmental problems - Burden of urban environmental problems falls
disproportionately on the poor
Population Reports
26Heavy Ecological Footprints
- Ecological footprint of urban areas weighs
heavily on the natural environment - Ecological footprint of humankind should be 1.7
hectares of land per capita - Ecological footprint is 2.3 hectares
- In the past 25 years consumption levels in
industrialized countries has increased
consistently at 2.3 per year - In developing countries, per capita consumption
has increased, and resource use has soared
Population Reports
27MAKING URBAN AREAS WORK
Population Reports
28Better Urban Governance
- Definition Organization of relationships
between political administrative institutions
the relationships among government, private
institutions civil society - Consensus National governments should play the
role of enabler local governments should have
more control over the planning management of
local affairs
Population Reports
29Decentralization
- Devolve budget authority from national and state
governments to municipal level - Increase administrative capacity of local
governments - Ensure an inclusive process (community
participation)
Population Reports
30Case Study Porto Alegre, Brazil
- 1989 participatory budget process
- Each year citizens participate in 2 meetings
- Citizens rank their top 5 priority needs from a
list of 14 - Local government revises regional plans and
budget allocations based on this list - Conditions for the poor have improved In 7
years - Households with access to water 80 ? 98
- Access to sewerage 46 ? 85
Population Reports
31Improving the Lives of the Urban Poor
- Millenium Summit 2000 Goal Improve lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020 - But number of slum dwellers is projected to reach
1.5 billion by 2020
Population Reports
32Role of Local Governments
- Implement pro-poor social and economic policies
- Provide housing and basic services
- Provide access to land and credit for the urban
poor - Extend security of land and housing tenure
Population Reports
33Role of Communities
- Organize and work together to increase
negotiating power with government - Example community savings and loan groups
- Community groups can often provide cheaper
housing and services - Example Philippines Homeless Peoples Federation
Population Reports
34Role of Donors
- Long-term approach that emphasizes
institution-building - Increase funding to nongovernmental organizations
when government structures are weak - Work through local partners
Population Reports
35Improving Water and Sanitation
- With community participation, municipal
governments can improve water supplies
sanitation - Saving water is more effective than finding new
sources of water - Fix leaky valves water mains
- and cut back on illegal taps
- Pricing water
- Widespread use of on-site
- and off-site technologies
Population Reports
36Curbing Air Pollution
- WHO estimates bringing suspended particulate
matter in cities in developing countries down to
safe levels could save 300,000 to 700,000 lives
annually - More effective transport systems
- More land for parks and green areas
-
Population Reports
37Recycling Wastes
- Recycling urban waste into new resources
- Some countries have gone beyond recovery and
recycling by promoting industrial symbiosis - In many poor countries unable to afford high-tech
solutions, armies of rag pickers sort through
garbage for items they can resell or recycle
Population Reports
38A Way Forward
- Better governance integrated coordination at the
national, provincial local levels - National governments play role of the enabler
local governments have more direct control over
urban areas - Public participation led by local community
members to enhance decision-making - Donor agencies re-evaluating the nature of
development assistance - Reallocate resources to focus on institutional
capacity
Population Reports
39References
- Bicego, G. and Ahmad, O.B. Infant and child
mortality. Calverton, Maryland, Macro
International, Aug. 1996 (Demographic and Health
Surveys Comparative Studies No. 20) 58 p. - United Nations (UN). Population Division. World
urbanization prospects The 2001 revision. New
York, UN, Mar. 20, 2002. 182 p.
Population Reports
40Photo Credits
- Slide 1 Liz Gilbert/David and Lucile Packard
Foundation - Slide 9 Antje Becker-Benton
- Slide 13 Liz Gilbert/David and Lucile Packard
Foundation - Slide 16 Malea Hoepf
- Slide 17 CEDPA/Nepal
- Slide 22 Nigel Bruce
- Slide 31 D. Hinrichsen
- Slide 35 Sara A. Holtz/Peace Corps
Population Reports
41Ordering Information
- You may order the report in one of four ways
Online at http//www.jhuccp.org/cgi-bin/orders/ord
erform.cgi
by sending an e-mail to orders_at_jhuccp.org
by sending a fax to 1-410-659-6266 or by writing
to INFO Project Distribution 111 Market
Place Suite 310 Baltimore, MD 21202 USA
Population Reports