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Population Reports

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Title: Population Reports


1
Population Reports
  • Meeting the Urban Challenge

Prepared by Don Hinrichsen Ruwaida M. Salem,
MPH Richard Blackburn, MS Series M, Number
16 Fall 2002
Related Materials Online
Meeting the Urban Challenge www.populationreports
.org/m16edsum.shtml
Questions Answers www.populationreports.org/qa
s/m16/
Quiz www.populationreports.org/prquiz/urban_intro
.shtml
Population Reports
2
Overview
  • Urban Population Trends
  • Urban Poor
  • Urban Pollution and Health
  • Impact on the Environment
  • Making Urban Areas Work

Population Reports
3
URBAN POPULATION TRENDS
Population Reports
4
An Urban Future
  • In 2007 half of worlds population will be urban
    (about 3.2 billion people)
  • Developed world Latin America
  • About 75 of population lives in urban areas
  • By 2030 84 will live in urban areas
  • Developing world
  • 40 of the population lives in urban areas
  • By 2030 56 will live in urban areas

Population Reports
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6
Growing Number of Big Cities
274
114
Population Reports
Source United Nations (2002)
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Explaining Urban Growth
  • Migration from rural and other urban areas
  • more prominent during initial phases of
    urbanization
  • Natural population increase
  • more prominent during later phases of
    urbanization
  • Reclassification of rural areas to urban

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9
THE URBAN POOR
Population Reports
10
Urban Poverty Statistics
  • Conservative estimates from the World Bank
  • 30 of poor people live in urban areas
  • By 2020 40 will live in urban areas
  • By 2035 50 will live in urban areas

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11
More World Bank Estimates
  • 1988 330 million urban poor in developing world
    were living on lt1/day
  • 2000 495 million urban poor in developing world
    were living on lt1/day

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12
Insufficient Incomes
  • Unemployment levels relatively low in urban areas
  • Shift from formal sector employment to informal
    labor market
  • Low status
  • Low wages
  • Long hours
  • Unsafe work conditions

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13
Informal Labor Market
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14
Inadequate Housing and Services
  • Over 1 billion urban residents worldwide live in
    inadequate housing
  • Slum residents usually lack security of tenure
  • Legal housing is scarce and too expensive
  • Urban poor usually pay more for services of
    inferior quality

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16
Pollution and Health
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17
Water and Sanitation
  • Urbanization can increase per capita use of
    freshwater
  • WHO and UNICEF Number of urban residents without
    access to improved water rose from 113 million in
    1990 to 173 million in 2000
  • 1/3 of urban water supplies
  • in Africa and Latin America
  • and 1/2 in Asia operate
  • intermittently

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18
Water-Related Diseases
  • Worldwide, about 2.3 billion people suffer from
    water-related diseases
  • Nearly half of urban residents in Africa, Asia,
    and Latin America suffer from one or more of the
    main diseases
  • Diarrheal diseases are responsible for 90 of
    health problems
  • Estimated 4 billion cases/year, causing 3-4
    million deaths

Population Reports
19
Outdoor Air Pollution
  • Latin American cities struggle with high
    suspended particulate matter ozone levels
  • Asian cities face similar problems, with rapid
    growth of cities, more fuel use more vehicles
  • Developed countries have strict environmental
    standards, but energy consumption is greater
    pollution levels often exceed standards

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20
Outdoor Air Pollution
  • WHO estimates that 1.5 billion urban dwellers
    face pollution levels that exceed recommended
    levels
  • In Asia, 1.5 million people die every year from
    pollution related diseases
  • In the US particulate pollution causes one-fifth
    of all lung cancers
  • Worldwide health costs of urban air pollution are
    estimated at 1 billion a year

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21
Indoor Air Pollution
  • A particular problem in rural areas however,
    millions of urban poor also suffer
  • Estimates suggest that urban indoor air pollution
    kills about 600,000 annually
  • Worldwide, 3 billion people rely on biomass fuels
    for household cooking heating
  • These fuels emit large amounts of smoke, directly
    inside dwelling without ventilation

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22
Indoor Air Pollution
  • Urban poor often cannot afford cleaner fuels
  • Women and children suffer the most
  • Cleaning up indoor air is also a
  • compelling public health need
  • A number of technical, behavioral
  • and policy approaches could help

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23
Impact on the Environment
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24
Urban Environment
  • Rapid urbanization can create stress on the
    natural environment
  • Urban areas take up 2 of the earths surface,
    but account for 75 of industrial wood use
  • 60 of water for human use goes to urban areas
  • Per capita resource consumption, water air
    pollution, and soil degradation contamination
    have increased

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25
Urban Expansion
  • Unplanned unregulated urban development leads
    to haphazard expansion worsening urban living
    conditions
  • Industrial development takes place without
    concern for environment
  • Economic growth can contribute to urban
    environmental problems
  • Burden of urban environmental problems falls
    disproportionately on the poor

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26
Heavy Ecological Footprints
  • Ecological footprint of urban areas weighs
    heavily on the natural environment
  • Ecological footprint of humankind should be 1.7
    hectares of land per capita
  • Ecological footprint is 2.3 hectares
  • In the past 25 years consumption levels in
    industrialized countries has increased
    consistently at 2.3 per year
  • In developing countries, per capita consumption
    has increased, and resource use has soared

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27
MAKING URBAN AREAS WORK
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28
Better Urban Governance
  • Definition Organization of relationships
    between political administrative institutions
    the relationships among government, private
    institutions civil society
  • Consensus National governments should play the
    role of enabler local governments should have
    more control over the planning management of
    local affairs

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29
Decentralization
  • Devolve budget authority from national and state
    governments to municipal level
  • Increase administrative capacity of local
    governments
  • Ensure an inclusive process (community
    participation)

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30
Case Study Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 1989 participatory budget process
  • Each year citizens participate in 2 meetings
  • Citizens rank their top 5 priority needs from a
    list of 14
  • Local government revises regional plans and
    budget allocations based on this list
  • Conditions for the poor have improved In 7
    years
  • Households with access to water 80 ? 98
  • Access to sewerage 46 ? 85

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31
Improving the Lives of the Urban Poor
  • Millenium Summit 2000 Goal Improve lives of at
    least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020
  • But number of slum dwellers is projected to reach
    1.5 billion by 2020

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32
Role of Local Governments
  • Implement pro-poor social and economic policies
  • Provide housing and basic services
  • Provide access to land and credit for the urban
    poor
  • Extend security of land and housing tenure

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33
Role of Communities
  • Organize and work together to increase
    negotiating power with government
  • Example community savings and loan groups
  • Community groups can often provide cheaper
    housing and services
  • Example Philippines Homeless Peoples Federation

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Role of Donors
  • Long-term approach that emphasizes
    institution-building
  • Increase funding to nongovernmental organizations
    when government structures are weak
  • Work through local partners

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35
Improving Water and Sanitation
  • With community participation, municipal
    governments can improve water supplies
    sanitation
  • Saving water is more effective than finding new
    sources of water
  • Fix leaky valves water mains
  • and cut back on illegal taps
  • Pricing water
  • Widespread use of on-site
  • and off-site technologies

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36
Curbing Air Pollution
  • WHO estimates bringing suspended particulate
    matter in cities in developing countries down to
    safe levels could save 300,000 to 700,000 lives
    annually
  • More effective transport systems
  • More land for parks and green areas

Population Reports
37
Recycling Wastes
  • Recycling urban waste into new resources
  • Some countries have gone beyond recovery and
    recycling by promoting industrial symbiosis
  • In many poor countries unable to afford high-tech
    solutions, armies of rag pickers sort through
    garbage for items they can resell or recycle

Population Reports
38
A Way Forward
  • Better governance integrated coordination at the
    national, provincial local levels
  • National governments play role of the enabler
    local governments have more direct control over
    urban areas
  • Public participation led by local community
    members to enhance decision-making
  • Donor agencies re-evaluating the nature of
    development assistance
  • Reallocate resources to focus on institutional
    capacity

Population Reports
39
References
  • Bicego, G. and Ahmad, O.B. Infant and child
    mortality. Calverton, Maryland, Macro
    International, Aug. 1996 (Demographic and Health
    Surveys Comparative Studies No. 20) 58 p.
  • United Nations (UN). Population Division. World
    urbanization prospects The 2001 revision. New
    York, UN, Mar. 20, 2002. 182 p.

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40
Photo Credits
  • Slide 1 Liz Gilbert/David and Lucile Packard
    Foundation
  • Slide 9 Antje Becker-Benton
  • Slide 13 Liz Gilbert/David and Lucile Packard
    Foundation
  • Slide 16 Malea Hoepf
  • Slide 17 CEDPA/Nepal
  • Slide 22 Nigel Bruce
  • Slide 31 D. Hinrichsen
  • Slide 35 Sara A. Holtz/Peace Corps

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41
Ordering Information
  • You may order the report in one of four ways

Online at http//www.jhuccp.org/cgi-bin/orders/ord
erform.cgi
by sending an e-mail to orders_at_jhuccp.org
by sending a fax to 1-410-659-6266 or by writing
to INFO Project Distribution 111 Market
Place Suite 310 Baltimore, MD 21202 USA
Population Reports
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