Intelligent systems

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Intelligent systems

• Colloquium 1
• Positive and negative of logic in thinking and
  AI.

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Description of logic in Wikipedia
Logic (from Classical Greek ????? (logos),
originally meaning the word, or what is spoken,
but coming to mean thought or reason) is most
often said to be the study of arguments,
although the exact definition of logic is a
matter of controversy amongst philosophers (see
below). However the subject is grounded, the
task of the logician is the same to advance an
account of valid and fallacious inference to
allow one to distinguish good from bad
arguments. Traditionally, logic is studied as a
branch of philosophy. Since the mid-1800s logic
has been commonly studied in mathematics, and,
even more recently, in computer science. As a
science, logic investigates and classifies the
structure of statements and arguments, and
devises schemata by which these are codified.
The scope of logic can therefore be very large,
including reasoning about probability and
causality. Also studied in logic are the
structure of fallacious arguments and paradoxes
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Objectives

• Genesis of logic and role of logic in evolution
  of mind and mankind,
• Logic as kind of semiotic (symbol) system
• Positive role of logic in development of science
  and mankind
• Negative role of logic from point of view of
  cognitive science
• Logic and creativity
• Role of logic in AI
• Adaptation of logic to new challenges of AI

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Submit a questions to discuss

• Logic is enemy of creativity and understanding of
  environment
• Logic is tool for making of predictability and
  standard of behavior

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Description of logic in Wikipedia
Logic (from Classical Greek ????? (logos),
originally meaning the word, or what is spoken,
but coming to mean thought or reason) is most
often said to be the study of arguments,
although the exact definition of logic is a
matter of controversy amongst philosophers (see
below). However the subject is grounded, the
task of the logician is the same to advance an
account of valid and fallacious inference to
allow one to distinguish good from bad
arguments. Traditionally, logic is studied as a
branch of philosophy. Since the mid-1800s logic
has been commonly studied in mathematics, and,
even more recently, in computer science. As a
science, logic investigates and classifies the
structure of statements and arguments, and
devises schemata by which these are codified.
The scope of logic can therefore be very large,
including reasoning about probability and
causality. Also studied in logic are the
structure of fallacious arguments and paradoxes
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Genesis of logic and role of logic in evolution
of mind and mankind,

• Reason of appearance of mathematics is necessity
  to describe of objects and phenomenon (its
  quantitative features) by standard way for
  monosemantic understanding during communications
• Reason of appearance of logic is wish to describe
  by standard way of qualitative features of world
  and of behavior of human during making of
  decisions (for monosemantic understanding and
  description of standard decisions, for example,
  in jurisprudence, in producing of things -
  technologies)

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• The human can to cut off part of stick making it
  of determined size. In this case he deals with
  mathematics
• The human can decide to cut off part or not. In
  this case he deals with logic.
• Making of decision appears in brain when quantity
  transforms to quality, i.e. stimulation of any
  neuron became more then threshold (appearance of
  motivation, reason), or any one neuron wins
  others (choice of behavior, strategy and so on)

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Principle of unity of fuzzy reasoning and
certain operations

• This is one of principles of organization of
  intelligent systems A.Gavrilov, 2003
• In a basis of reasoning the operating with fuzzy
  images lays, at the end of which choice of
  certain operation (action) is carried out
  (restoring of it), with which it is possible to
  associate choice succeeded (the solved task),
  focusing of attention, start of operation as
  programs of operation motor neurons, etc. Thus
  selected operation as tag is involved in the
  further process of reasoning.

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Thus, it is possible to extract the several key
"intelligent inventions and consider the
sequence of achievements of biological evolution
(Fig. 2). The abilities to cognize the natural
phenomena is gradually increased in this
sequence.
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Logic as kind of semiotic (symbol) system
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A logic allows the axiomatization of the domain
information, and the drawing of conclusions from
that information. Syntax Semantics Logical
inference reasoning
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Disadvantages of logic for knowledge
representation and processing

• Availability of nonmonotonic reasoning is absent
• Impossibility of using of uncertainty and working
  with fuzzy patterns and classes
• Necessity of formalization of knowledge
• Impossibility of working with several hypothesis
  concurrently and with argumentation

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Positive role of logic in development of science
and mankind

• Logic promoted organization in social behavior of
  people (laws, centralized powerful states,
  diplomacy)
• Logic promoted proof and development of
  mathematics as result
• Logic is a reason of appearance of digital
  electronics and computers

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Negative role of logic from point of view of
cognitive science

• Logic deals with exact and certain entities, but
  can not deal with patterns from sensors (images)
• So logic negates learning by classification and
  clusterization
• Logic can to use only determined formalized
  entities (symbols) by anybody
• So logic is hard structure and is unable to
  develop without external anybody

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Logic and creativity

• Inside in logic it is impossible to create any
  new thing
• All entities used in logic are exist there from
  her creation by external anybody
• All models of learning in logic assume only
  transformation from any formalized knowledge in
  logic

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Role of logic in AI

• Logic was first implemented model of thinking
  (reasoning) and promote further development of AI
• Logic is basis of class of powerful logic
  programming languages (Prolog, Smalltalk, Lisp)
• Logic was any obstacle of development of neural
  networks and other methods of soft computing

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Adaptation of logic to new challenges of AI

• Modal logics as attempt to improve expressiveness
  of 1-order logic (60-70th years)
• Fuzzy logic as attempt to include uncertainty to
  logic (1965)
• Logical programming as tool for development of
  more suitable knowledge representations for
  intelligent systems (1982)
• Pseudo-physical logics as attempt to use fuzzy
  logic and 1-order logic to describe of real
  environment (80th years)
• Description logic is similar to pseudo-physical
  logics
• Now task is development of neural based system
  with associative processing of knowledge and to
  obtain from it logical behavior (repeat
  evolution of human). Here logic will be no tool
  for development but template for estimation

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Submit a questions to discuss

• Logic is enemy of creativity and understanding of
  environment
• Logic is tool for making of predictability and
  standard of behavior