Groups

1
Groups Organizations

• The Foundation for Social Interaction

2
Social Groups

• Defined
• two or more people interacting with one another,
  having a certain feeling of unity

3
Cont

• Social Groups have
• social structures of patterned interaction
• shared values/norms
• common identity

4
Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Groups

• Primary
• frequent intimate interaction

• Secondary
• infrequent impersonal interaction

5
Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Groups
Cont

• Primary
• strong indentifi-cation with the group

• Secondary
• weak indentifi-cation with the group

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Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Groups
Cont

• Primary
• emotional bonds among members

• Secondary
• weak bonds among members

7
Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Groups
Cont

• Secondary
• Relation-ships are limited to tasks goals

• Primary
• Many types of relation-ships

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Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Groups
Cont

• Primary
• Relation-ships are usually permanent

• Secondary
• Relation-ships are usually temporary

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Primary Groups

• Small in number
• Relationships of a personal, face-to-face,
  intimate nature

10
Cont

• Emotions become a dynamic force in primary groups

11
Secondary Groups

• Dynamics is made by the task or goal of the group

12
Membership Group

• Group to which a person belongs

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Reference Groups

• A group, real or imaginary, from whose
  perspective one views the social world

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The Greatest Social Group

• How bout them Yankees !!

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Functions of Reference Groups

• Normative Function
• serve as a source of significant norms
• Comparative Function
• standard of comparison

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In-Groups

• A social group where people are strongly bonded
  to the group and each other

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Out-groups

• social groups that a person is not a member

18
cont

• In-groups use pronoun we
• Out-groups referred to pronoun they

19
Cont

• In-groups
• positive reference group
• Out-group
• negative reference group

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Important Point

• In-groups can be secondary or primary groups
• always a reference group

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In-groups

• Boundaries
• Use of symbols
• Loyalty

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In-groups Out-groups

• Due to loyalty, rivalries occur
• competition
• discrimination
• hatred
• violence

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Group Conformity

• The pressures on individuals to conform to the
  expectations of a group, society, organization,
  or leader.

24
cont

• adopting the opinions, attitudes, and behaviors
  of the majority

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Behavioral Conformity

• The tendency to make ones actions comply with
  prevailing norms, irrespective of ones personal
  beliefs

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Conformity Means

• to be similar
• to be in agreement or harmony
• act in accordance with prevailing standards or
  customs

27
Why do we conform?

• Normative pressure
• avoid social disapproval
• Informational pressure

28
Group Size

• Deals with group dynamics
• the amount of communication and interaction
  taking place

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Cont

• Group size increases
• communication
• interactions
• complexity

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Dyads and Triads
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Formal Organizations

• Secondary groups whose activities are rationally
  designed to achieve specific goals

33
cont

• with rules that govern the actions of those
  within the organization.

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Cont

• Goals bring a formal aspect to organizations
• Goals lead to rational planning

35
Cont

• Rational planning leads to a division of labor
• Division of labor leads to a hierarchy of
  control/authority

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Cont

• Hierarchy of control/authority leads to
  formalized rules

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3 types of Formal Organizations

• Normative
• Utilitarian
• Coercive

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Bureaucracy

• Most rational form of formal organizations
• Most formal and stable secondary group at
  maximizing efficiency and results

39
Defined

• A rationally designed organization model with the
  purpose of coordinating large numbers of people
  to meet a specific goal

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Cont

• Bureaucracies efficient in handling day-to-day
  operations of institutions
• Getting drivers license or vehicle registration

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Six Characteristics

• Hierarchy of Control
• a chain of command
• clear cut levels with assigned responsibilities
• Division of labor

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Cont

• Written rules and regulations
• Written communication and records

43
Cont

• Impersonality
• Promotions
• two motivation functions
• work hard
• incentive

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Max Weber Bureaucracy

• 3 advantages
• reduce uncertainty
• maximize effectiveness
• maximize efficiency

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Max Weber Bureaucracy cont

• Paradox of bureaucracies
• trained incapacity
• incompetence
• Peter Principle

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Max Weber Bureaucracy cont

• Parkinsons Law
• Alienation
• Iron Cage

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McDonaldization

• George Ritzer
• book
• The McDonaldization of Society

48
Defined

• the process by which the principles of the
  fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more
  and more sectors of American society as well as
  the rest of the world

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Dimensions of McDonalds

• Efficiency
• Calculability
• Predictability
• Control

50
cont

• Bureaucracy is the precursor to McDonaldization