An Introduction to ENERGY

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An Introduction to ENERGY

• Mill Creek High School
• Mr. Burrows

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Objectives

• Recognize types of energy surrounding us
• Identify renewable, non-renewable, and
  inexhaustible energy sources
• Differentiate between potential and kinetic
  energy
• Identify the 6 forms of energy
• Describe history of energy consumption in USA

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Objectives

• Identify sectors of society associated with
  energy consumption
• Identify energy consumption trends in USA
• Discuss efficiency vs. conservation
• Define law of entropy
• Recognize reasons for growth in energy power
  demands
• Recognize factors that influence exportation and
  development of different energy sources

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Why do we learn about Energy?

• It has shaped YOUR society
• It has shaped YOUR world
• Traditional sources WILL near depletion in your
  lifetime.
• YOU will have to make important decisions about
  energy!
• It is effects and is affected by politics,
  economics, and the environment.

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Energy

• Energy The ability to do work
• It is often overlooked because we measure the
  work but dont consider the energy
• We must consider its source

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Energy Groups

• Renewable energy Resources that can be replaced
  once used
• They can be quickly regenerated
• Examples
• Wood
• Cornstalks
• Sugarcane

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Energy Groups

• Nonrenewable Energy Cannot be replaced once used
• Example
• Fossil fuels-take 100s of 1000s of years to make
• Uranium is mined like coal for nuclear reactors

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Energy Groups

• Inexhaustible Energy Those that will never run
  out. (for millions of years)
• Examples
• Sun
• Wind
• Waves

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Types of Energy

• Potential Energy is energy waiting to happen
• Gasoline
• Can produce lots of power if handled properly
• Water behind a dam
• Does not produce power until released

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Types of Energy

• Kinetic Energy is energy in motion
• Examples
• Wind that moves to turn a windmill
• Water moving to turn a turbine
• Radiant energy from the sun

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6 Forms of Energy

• Light energy is visible to the eye
• Very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum
• Heat energy (infrared) longer wavelength than
  light energy.
• Does not pass as easily through glass

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6 Forms of Energy

• Mechanical energy produced by mechanical devices
• gears, pulleys, levers, engines, etc
• Chemical energy potential energy locked within a
  substance
• Example 50-lb of oak may have the same chemical
  energy as 1 gallon of heating oil.

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6 Forms of Energy

• Electrical Energy associated with the flow of
  electrons
• Nuclear Energy associated with the power in the
  atom.
• When was it first harnessed? Why?
• Now it is used to generate power

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Measuring Energy

• British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the basic unit of
  heat energy
• Very small amount of energy
• Roughly the amount of energy given off by one
  burning wooden match
• All other forms of energy can be related to the
  BTUs they can produce

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One Heating Unit Equals
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BTU Related Measurements

• 1 Heating Unit 100,000 BTUs
• Used for measuring larger energy used like
  structural heating
• 1 Quad 1-quadrillion BTUs
• 1,000,000,000,000,000 BTUs
• Used for measuring very large energy consumption
  like cities, continents, etc

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World Energy Consumption
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Early American Energy

• Primary Energy Sources
• Wind
• Water
• Wood
• Industry built on waterways
• Farmers used wind power to draw water
• Wood was used to produce heat

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1800s Energy in USA

• Inventions of the steam engine
• Steam boat, steam locomotives
• Coal replace wood as primary energy source
• Why?
• Coal has more chemical energy (BTUs)
• 15lb of coal 20-50lb of wood

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1900s Energy in USA

• Internal combustion engine was perfected
• Americans began to depend on cars
• Gasoline contains more energy than coal

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OPEC

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC)
• Formed in 1960
• Group of nations committed to the strength and
  success of oil market.

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1970s Oil Embargo

• Embargo limiting of trade for political reasons.
• To punish USA in 1970s for using too much oil,
  OPEC limited oil sales
• USA started to look to efficiency and
  conservation
• Smaller engines
• Better use of existing oil supplies

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What About the Future?

• Energy Information Administration estimates a 50
  increase in world energy consumption by 2025.
• Majority comes from Fossil Fuels

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Why Fossil Fuels?

• Yield more energy per volume than many other
  forms
• Created millions of jobs in the USA
• Keep USA engaged in world economy

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Energy Conversion

• Changing of one form of energy into another
• Electric motor-converts electrical energy to
  mechanical (rotation)
• Furnace-converts potential energy (in gas) to
  kinetic energy (heat)
• Solar collector-converts light energy to heat.

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Efficiency

• Efficiency Measure of how extent to which an
  energy form is usefully converted to another
  form.
• Furnaces- some convert 90 of BTU in heating oil
  to heat (very efficient)

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Efficiency

• Internal Combustion Engine historically only
  converted about 27 of energy in gas to
  mechanical energy. (terrible)
• Today I.C.E. convert about 30 because of
  advances in technology (better)
• Where does the other 70 go?

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Entropy

• Entropy is a measure of the unavailable energy in
  a closed system
• Law of Entropy whenever an energy form is
  converted from one form to another, some loss
  will occur.

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Energy Efficiencies
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Energy and the Environment

• Acid rain result of burning fossil fuels
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2 )
• Nitrous Oxide (NO2 )
• Sulfur Oxides (SO2 )
• Condenses in atmosphere and falls with rain
• Devastates forests, pollutes ponds, rivers,
  streams, Kill fish

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Energy and the Environment

• Greenhouse effect layer of greenhouse gasses
  (from fossil fuels) prevent heat from sun from
  escaping into space
• Raises Earths temp. (global warming)
• May result in
• Melting of ice caps
• Altering of shorelines
• Changes in weather patterns

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Recycling

• If Mill Creek recycles 1-ton of paper it will
  save
• 6953 gallons of water
• 463 gallons of oil
• 587lb of air pollution
• 4077 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity
• This is because of the energy saved to produce a
  recycled product.

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Conservation vs. Efficiency

• Efficiency Saving energy by getting the most
  possible work out of each unit
• ie. Efficient light bulbs
• Another example?
• Conservation Saving energy by limiting the use
  of it
• ie. Turning of a normal (incandescent) light
• Another example?

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Objectives

• Recognize types of energy surrounding us
• Identify renewable, non-renewable, and
  inexhaustible energy sources
• Differentiate between potential and kinetic
  energy
• Identify the 6 forms of energy
• Describe history of energy consumption in USA

35
Objectives

• Identify sectors of society associated with
  energy consumption
• Identify energy consumption trends in USA
• Discuss efficiency vs. conservation
• Define law of entropy
• Recognize reasons for growth in energy power
  demands
• Recognize factors that influence exportation and
  development of different energy sources