Chap 32: Allowances

1
Chap 32 Allowances

• Normal Time Allowances Standard Time
• Allowances are the interruptions that occur
  during the typical working day
• personal - for personal needs
• fatigue - for rest
• delay - reasons beyond his/her control
• Should be applied separately from the rating

2
Allowances

• Allowances can be given as a percent of work time
  or as a percent of shift time and hence they have
  two names
• Work Allowance
• Shift Allowance

3
Allowance
Allowance is basically some additional time for
personal needs (drink water, go to the restroom)
or for fatigue or delays Standard time Normal
Time Allowances Shift allowance Allowance time
/ Standard time Work allowance Allowance time /
Normal time This clearly shows that shift
allowance is a little bigger value than work
allowance.
4
Allowance

• Allowance versus Pace ExampleTable 32.1
• Machine time allowance We tend to give lesser
  allowance to the operator who is dealing with an
  automatic machine. Consideration is given about
  loading, unloading, visual and hearing
  activities. This allowance is called Machine Time
  Allowance
• Who Determines Allowance--Decisions made at two
  levels
• Setting up the basic tables (Political)
• Interpreting tables for specific jobs (Different
  allowances)

5
Allowance vs. Pace

• Included in High Task
• are more challenging
• types of work

• 100 may be feasible
• with easy (low-task)
• type work

Performance,
6
Pace Multiplier

• If the job is considered to be low-task, then
  normal work time can be used as is (at 100)
• If the job is considered to be high-task, or
  difficult for the general population, then normal
  work time is first multiplied by a pace value
  (110, 120, etc.)

7
Personal Allowance

• Include going to restroom, blowing your nose,
  making personal phone calls, etc.
• Can be determined by making all-day time studies,
  work sampling
• Many companies give regular breaks per shift
• For low-task work, usually 2 to 5 per day is
  used
• For high-task work, more than 5 is used, esp. in
  unfavorable (hot, humid) settings

8
Fatigue Allowance

• Can be physical, mental or environmental fatigue
• Much more prevalent in hot, humid settings
• Is less a factor with automation, and with
  shorter working days
• Can be done by giving organized rest periods

9
Fatigue Allowance

• Physical
• This has four categories. (Tables on pg.
  580-583)
• Material handling (considers local or whole body
  load)
• Short cycle (lack of recovery time)
• Posture of static load(standing, squatting,
  crouching)
• Restrictive clothing (heavy weight of gloves,
  breathing apparatus etc)

10
Fatigue Allowance

• Mental Allowance
• Environmental Allowance
• a) Climate
• b) Noise / Vibration
• c) Visual

11
Delay Allowance

• Can be avoidable or unavoidable
• Does assume that machinery is kept in repair
• Due to tool breakage, interruptions by
  supervisors, minor adjustments, etc.
• Noncyclic elements that occur as part of the job
  are not to be treated as delays
• Can be determined by TS or work sampling

12
Delay Allowance

• Delay allowances are meant to compensate the
  operator for short delays beyond the control of
  an operator
• Again, this allowance should also relate to the
  task and not the operator
• Delay allows worker to take some personal
  allowance and recover from fatigue

13
Allowance Applications

• Allowances for boredom, monotony, lack of feeling
  of accomplishment, and the other ones are
  questionable. These factors do not fit into any
  kind of explanation of the different allowances
  but reflect unpleasantness and hence should be
  reflected in the wage rate per hour rather than
  in the time / unit

14
Applying the Allowances

• Personal time is applied as a percentage of
  normal time it affects both operator and machine
  time
• Fatigue can be applied as a percentage it
  affects only operator time
• Delays are applied as a percentage it may be
  applied as machine-time delay only

15
Example

• Assume that a consistent performance time of 0.80
  minutes was measured
• A rating factor of 110 was assigned
• normal time 0.80 min. 110/100 0.88 min.
• Assume an allowance of 5
• standard time 0.88 min. 100/95 0.926 min

16
Clarification

• Note that the calculation could also be done
• Selected time 80 min.
• Rating factor 110
• Allowance 5
• Normal time 80110/1000.88 min.
• Std. Time0.88(.880.05)0.924 min. OR
• Std. Time0.88 1.050.924 min.
• This method is INCORRECT!

17
Clarification (cont.)

• By stating a 5 allowance, it is understood that
  24 minutes per 8-hour day are to be spent on
  non-work activities.
• Then during a shift (480 - 24) 456 min. are
  available for work.
• If the normal time is 0.88 minutes, this means
  (456/0.88)518 pieces/shift
• Therefore (480/518) 0.926 min./piece

18
Creating Allowance Tables

• Setting allowance standards tends to be a
  somewhat political job
• Reference tables can be created and then applied
  fairly to affected jobs
• See reference tables in Chapter 32