d

1
Biochemistry The unique properties of water
d
d
d -
Water molecules are polar covalent bonds.
They are attracted to other water molecules
through relatively weak Hydrogen bonds.
2
Biochemistry The unique properties of water
Can water form ions?
Yes, at a very small rate (1 out of 500,000,000!)

-
H
OH-

H2O
How would you quantify (count) this ionic
disassociation?
The pH scale
pH
The power of Hydrogen scale
3
ltH gtOH-
Stomach Acid, lemon juice
Increasingly Acidic ?
Vinegar, cola
Tomato juice
Black coffee Rainwater
Urine
H OH-
Pure water Human blood
Neutral
Seawater
Milk of magnesia
? Increasingly Basic
Household ammonia
gtH ltOH-
Household bleach
Oven cleaner
4
pH Demo

• On the left-side of your IntNB, draw the
  experimental apparatus that are set-up on the
  demo table.
• Once the pH demo is explained to you, write a
  hypothesis for each solution to predict how you
  think it will react to the cabbage
  juice/indicator.

5
Besides water, what elements and compounds are
essential to life?
Organic Compounds An Overview

• Organic compounds
• Mostly contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
  Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

Carbon
C
C
C
C
C
C
6
Organic Compounds Carbohydrates
Can you believe that each of your cells contains
about 2 meters of me?
Hurry up, Lipids! You should have more energy
stored up than this!

• Organic compounds (continued)
• Four categories of organic compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• All formed and separated in similar ways
• Formation (Polymerization) Dehydration Synthesis
• Separation Hydrolysis

Hi there! My name is Polly Peptide.
Hey Sugar, I sure am happy that youre a
Carbohydrate like me.
Awww, how sweet!
Does this bond structure make me look fat?
7
Polymerization
Bonding Polymerization

• Polymerization (definition)
• Forming of large organic macromolecules by the
  joining of smaller repeating units called monomers

8
Dehydration Synthesis
Bonding Polymerization Dehydration Synthesis

• Dehydration Synthesis is the removal of a water
  molecule to form a new bond.

1
2
3
HO
H
HO
H
Short Polymer
Monomer
H2O
Dehydration removes a water molecule forming a
new bond
1
2
3
4
H
HO
9
Hydrolysis
Bonding Polymerization Hydrolysis

• Polymers are broken by adding water.
• Literally, Water Splitting

H2O
1
2
3
4
H
HO
Hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a bond
1
2
3
H
HO
HO
H
Monomer
Short Polymer
10
Carbon The element of life
Bonding Carbon

• Carbons Valence has ____ electrons
• Can bond with ____ elements
• Can form chains, rings, branches, isomers

4
4
11
Lipids
Organic Compounds Lipids

• A lipid is any molecule that DOES NOT mix with
  water.
• Lipids function in
• Energy (E) storage,
• forming cell membranes,
• and as chemical messengers (e.g., hormones)
• Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
• Made up mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen (with a few
  Oxygen)

12
Lipids
Organic Compounds Lipids Fats

• Fats (Triglycerides)
• Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids
• Saturated No Double Bonds (solid)
• Unsaturated Double Bonds (liquid)

OH
Ester Bonds
OH
OH
13
Lipids
Organic Compounds Lipids Phospholipids

• Phospholipids
• Glycerol with Phosphate Head 2 Fatty Acid
  Chains
• Amphiphilic (Both lover)
• Hydrophilic head
• Hydrophobic tail
• Forms 2 layers in water
• Makes up cell membranes

Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
14
Organic Compounds Lipids Sterols
Lipids

• Sterols
• Lipids whose Carbon Skeleton consists of 4 fused
  rings
• Includes
• Hormones
• Cholesterol
• Cortisol
• Makes up cell membranes

OH
O
OH
O
OH
HO
O
HO
O
Testosterone
Estrogen