The Amazing Cell

1
The Amazing Cell

• Ch 7.1 Ch 7.2

2
Technology Leads to Discovery

• Netherlands (near Germany) 1590-1608
• Scientists created a device to see objects that
  could not be seen with the naked eye
• The Microscope
• Use lenses to direct light onto a specific object
  in order to magnify it
• Microscope helps later scientists get a deeper
  knowledge of the world around them

3
History of the Cell

• Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
• invented the term cell
• studied dead plant cells such as cork under a
  microscope
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
• 1st to observe living cells under a microscope

4
History Contd

• Matthias Schleidan (1804-1881)
• Concluded that all plants are composed of cells.
• Theodor Schwann (1810-1881)
• Concluded all animals were composed of cells.
• Rudolf Virchow (1821 1902)
• Reasoned that cells come only from other cells.

5
Cell Theory

• Schielden, Schwann, and Virchows statements
  became the basis of the Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function in living things
• New cells are produced from existing cells

6
Microscope Advances

• Light microscope
• accomplish their magnification by using lenses to
  bend light rays.
• Magnifies up to 2000 times
• Electron microscopes
• 2 Types
• Transmission electron microscope - TEM
• magnify objects up to 1,000,000 times
• Scanning electron microscope - SEM
• magnify objects up to 300,000 times

7
Microscope
8
Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic
• cells with no nucleus or organelles with
  membranes.
• Ex Bacteria and blue-green bacteria are
  prokaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic
• cells that contain a nucleus and organelles
  surrounded by a membrane.
• Ex The cells of protozoa, algae, fungi, plants,
  and animals are eukaryotic cells.

9
Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
10
Pictures
11
Cell Structure

• Cells are broken into 2 parts
• Nucleus membrane enclosed structure that
  contains the cells genetic material (Control
  Center)
• Cytoplasm jelly-like substance outside the
  nucleus and inside the cell membrane where
  organelles are located and chemical reactions
  take place
• Organelles
• Specialized structures (little organs) that
  perform unique functions for the cell

12
Types of Eukaryotic Cells

• Most common Eukaryotic cells are
• Animal cells
• Plant cells
• These two types of Eukaryotes have similarites
  and differences in structures and functions

13
(No Transcript)
14
Plant cells and animal cells are similar, but do
not have exactly the same cell parts and shape.
15
Organelles

• Cell membrane
• Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Ribosome
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus

• Lysosome
• Vacuoles
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Cytoskeleton
• Centrioles

16
Cell Membrane

• Surrounds the cell
• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• Provides protections and support
• Semi-permeable (certain things can move in and
  out)
• A.K.A. The Gatekeeper

17
(No Transcript)
18
Nucleus

• Contains nearly all cells DNA and uses that code
  to make proteins and other important
  macromolecules
• Control center of the cell
• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope
• Houses chromatin (stringy DNA)
• Nucleolus
• Site of ribosome production

19
(No Transcript)
20
Ribosome

• Made by the nucleolus
• Site of protein synthesis (where proteins are put
  together or made)
• Found 2 ways
• Free floating in cytoplasm
• Attached found on surface of E.R.

21
(No Transcript)
22
Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Internal membrane system a.k.a. the E.R.
• Site where lipid components of the cell membrane
  are assembled, along with proteins and other
  materials are exported from the cell
• 2 types of ER
• RER (rough) has ribosomes present and aides in
  protein synthesis and export
• SER (smooth) lacks ribosomes and contains
  collections of enzymes for specialized tasks

23
(No Transcript)
24
Golgi Apparatus (Body)

• Proteins produced in Rough ER move to Golgi
  apparatus
• Flattened sacs that function to modify, sort, and
  package proteins and other materials from the ER
  for storage in the cell or secretion outside the
  cell
• Translation gets the proteins ready for use by
  the cell or gets it ready to ship it out of the
  cell

25
(No Transcript)
26
Lysosome

• Small sac-like organelles filled with digestive
  enzymes
• Function to digest or breakdown lipids,
  carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules
  that the cell can use
• Also digest worn-out organelles
• A.K.A. The Suicide Sac

27
(No Transcript)
28
Vacuoles

• A.K.A. Storage unit
• Saclike structure that stores materials like
  water, salts, proteins and carbs
• Plant cells usually have a single, large cental
  vacuole filled with liquid
• Animal cells many small vacuoles
• Vacuoles may also help to maintain homeostasis in
  a cell

29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
Mitochondria

• A.K.A. The Powerhouse
• Functions to convert the chemical energy stored
  in food into compounds that are easier for the
  cell to use
• Translation Turns sugar into energy
• Site of cellular respiration

32
Mitochondria

• Double membrane organelle with its own DNA
• Has inner folds called cristae
• Krebs cycle of respiration occurs in the matrix
• Found in both plant and animal cells

33
Chloroplast

• Similar function to mitochondria but only in
  plant cells
• Capture the energy from sunlight and convert it
  into chemical energy in a process called
  Photosynthesis
• Contain green pigment called chlorophyll

34
(No Transcript)
35
Endosymbiotic Theory

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own
  set of DNA
• MC are both evolutionary descendants of ancient
  prokaryotes
• Developed a symbiotic relationship with
  eukaryotic cells
• Prokaryotes that could use oxygen became
  mitochondria
• Prokaryotes that carried out photosynthesis
  became chloroplast

36
Cytoskeleton

• Structure that supports the cell
• A network of protein filaments that helps the
  cell to maintain its shape and is involved in
  cellular movement
• 2 main filaments
• Microfilaments (framework for cell)
• Microtubules (make centrioles and projections
  that help cell move ie flagella or cilia)

37
(No Transcript)
38
Centriole

• Only found in animal cells
• Located near nucleus
• Help to organize cell during cell division.

39
Cell Wall

• Found in plant, fungi, algae and many prokaryotic
  cells (not found in animal cells)
• Rigid structure outside cell membrane that
  provides support and protection for the cell
• Made of different materials
• Cellulose in plant cells
• Chitin in fungi cells
• Peptidoglycan in bacterial cells

40
(No Transcript)