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Operating Systems

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Understand the concept of deadlock and starvation. ... Dining philosophers. Brooks/Cole, 2003. POPULAR. OPERATING. SYSTEMS. 7.4. Brooks/Cole, 2003 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Operating Systems


1
Chapter 7
?????????????? Operating Systems
2
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, the reader should be
able to
3
???? ???????????????????????????????????????
???? 2 ??????? ?????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????? ??????????????????????????????? 2
?????????? ?????????????? (operating system)
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ????????????????? (application
software) ????????????????????????????????????????
???????????
4
Figure 7-1
Computer System
5
7.1
??????????????????????
6
?????????????? (OS) ???????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????OS
????????????????????????? (interface)
????????????????????????? (user)
??????????????????????????????OS ?????????????
(?????????????) ??????????????? execute
??????????????????????????????OS
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? ??? OS ???????????????????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
OS ????????????????????????????
7
Note
An operating system is an interface between the
hardware of a computer and the user (program or
human) that facilitates the execution of the
other programs and the access to hardware and
software resources.
8
??????????????????????????????????????1.
???????????????????????????????????????????2.
????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????
9
7.2
???????????????????????????
10
?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? ?????????????1.
?????????????????????? (batch operating systems)
??????????????????????? ?.?. 2493
?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
????????? (punched cards) ?????????????? (inputs)
?????????????????????????? (line printers)
?????????????? (outputs) ?????????????????????????
???????????? ?????????????????????? execute
?????????? job ????????????????????????? execute
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? ??????????????????
11
???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? operator ???????????????????????
??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?? ??????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????2.
??????????????????????????????????? (time-sharing
operating systems) ???????????????????????????????
????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
(multiprogramming) ????????????? ???
??????????????????? job ??????????????????????????
?????????????????????? job ???? 1 job
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????
12
?????????????? job ???????????????????? I/O ?????
CPU ?????????????????????? job ??????? ????
multiprogramming ?????????????????????????????????
???? (time sharing) ????? job ????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
Multiprogramming ?????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? (scheduling) ????????????????????????????
? job ????????????????? ????????????? ???????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????? operator ???????????????????????????
???????????? process ???????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? ???? job
???????????????????????????????? (run)
13
3. ??????????????????????? (personal operating
systems) ????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????? DOS
(Disk Operating Systems) ???????4. ???????????
(parallel systems) ???????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
?????????? ???????????????????????????
???????????????? CPU ?????????????????????????????
??????????? ????? CPU ????????????????????????????
?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? CPU ?????????????5.
????????????? (distributed systems)
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
???????? ??????? job ?????????????????????????
14
???????????????????????????? ??????????????????
job ??????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? ????????????? run
??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? ? ??????????????????
(??????????????????????????????????????)
?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
15
7.3
???????????????????????????
16
????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
??????????????? 4 ?????????????? 1.
???????????????????????? (memory management)
2. ?????????????????????? (process management)
3. ???????????????????? (device management)
4. ??????????????????????? (file
management) ?????????????????????????????????????
?? ???????????????????????????????????????????????
??? user interface
17
Figure 7-2
Components of an operating system
18
1. Memory Management ???????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????
process ????????????? ????????????????????????????
???????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? running out of
memory ??????????????????????
???????????????????????????? 2 ???????????????????
???????????????????????? monoprogramming ???
multiprogramming
19
Monoprogramming ?????????????????????
??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
?????? multiprogramming ??????????????????????????
? ????????????????????????? monoprogramming ????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
?????? ??????????????????????? load
????????????????????????????????????? execute
???????????? run ???????????????????
??????????????? load ???????????????????????
????????? 7.3
20
Figure 7-3
Monoprogramming
21
?????????? memory manager ??? monoprogramming???
(1) ????? load ?????????????????????????? (2) run
?????????? load ?????? (3) ???????????????? run
????????????????????????? ???????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
? 1. ???????????????????????????? load
????????????????? ????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
????????????? run ?????????????? 2.
???????????????????????? run ????
????????????????????
22
???????????????????????????????? execute
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????? ??????? I/O
???????????????????? CPU ??? ?????????????????????
??? I/O ?????????? CPU ???????? ????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????? ???? ????????????????????????????????????
CPU ????????????? ????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
multiprogramming
23
Multiprogramming ??????????
????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ????????? execute ????????????
(concurrent) ??? CPU ????????????????????????
?????? 7.4 ????????? ?.?. 2503 ?????????
multiprogramming ???????????????????????????
???????????????????? 7.5 ??????????????? 2 ???
?????????? (1) Nonswapping ????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????
execute ????????????????? (2) Swapping
???????????????????? execute ?????????????????????
????????????????? ?????????????????????????
24
Figure 7-4
Multiprogramming
25
Figure 7-5
Categories of multiprogramming
26
Figure 7-6
Partitioning
27
Figure 7-7
Paging
28
Figure 7-8
Virtual memory
29
State diagram with the boundaries between a
program, a job, and a process
Figure 7-9
30
Figure 7-10
Job scheduler
31
Figure 7-11
Process scheduler
32
Figure 7-12
Queues for process management
33
Figure 7-13
Deadlock
34
Figure 7-14
Deadlock on a bridge
35
Note
Deadlock occurs when the operatingsystem does
not put resource restrictionson processes.
36
Figure 7-15.a
Starvation
37
Figure 7-15.b
Starvation
38
Figure 7-15.c
Starvation
39
Figure 7-16
Dining philosophers
40
7.4
POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS
41
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