The Motherboard

1
Chapter 5

• The Motherboard

2
You Will Learn

• About the types of motherboards
• About components on the motherboard
• A basic procedure for building a computer
• How to install a motherboard
• How to troubleshoot a motherboard

3
Motherboards

• House the CPU
• Allow devices to communicate with it and each
  other
• Most popular AT and ATX
• ATX
• More power-management features
• Support faster systems
• Easier to install
• Selection of motherboard determines capabilities
  and limitations of the system

4
Typical AT Motherboard
5
Typical ATX Motherboard
6
Motherboard Components

• CPU and accompanying chip set
• ROM BIOS
• RAM
• Buses and expansion slots
• Components used to change hardware configuration
  settings
• Jumpers
• DIP switches
• CMOS configuration chip

7
Basic Components of a CPU

• Input/output (I/O) unit
• Arithmetic logic unit(s) (ALU)
• Control unit

8
How the CPU Works
9
Attributes Used to Rate CPUs

• Processor core speed (measured in gigahertz)
• Word size and data path
• Efficiency/special functionality of programming
  code
• System bus speeds the processor supports

10
Attributes Used to Rate CPUs (continued)

• Amount of memory included with the CPU (internal
  and external cache)
• Type of RAM, motherboard, and chip set the
  processor supports
• Multiprocessor ability

11
The Pentiums

• Two ALUs (a true multiprocessor)
• 64-bit external path size and two 32-bit internal
  paths (one for each ALU)
• Terminology
• Bus speed
• Processor speed
• Multiplier
• Memory cache

12
Memory Cache
13
Pentium III
14
Pentium 4
15
AMD Processors (continued)
16
VIA C3 Processor
17
64-Bit Processors

• Intel Itaniums
• AMD 64-bit processors

18
The Itanium 2 Processor
19
AMD 64-Bit Processors
20
CPU Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans
21
Combination Heat Sink and Cooling Fan
22
CPU Package Types

• SECC
• SECC2
• SEP
• PPGA
• PGA
• OOI/OLGA

• FC-PGA
• FC-PGA2
• PAC
• CPGA
• OPGA
• µPGA

23
CPU Slots and Sockets

• Motherboard and processor must match
• Slots 1 and 2 are proprietary Intel slots
• Slot A and Socket A are proprietary AMD connectors

24
CPU Slots and Sockets (continued)
25
CPU Slots and Sockets (continued)
26
CPU Voltage Requirements
27
CPU Voltage Regulator

• Dual-voltage CPUs
• Single-voltage CPUs
• Voltage regulator module (VRM) controls amount of
  voltage to the CPU

28
CPU Voltage Regulator (continued)
29
Accelerated Hub Architecture
30
Configuring and Updating ROM BIOS

• Update BIOS only if youre having a problem with
  your motherboard or theres a new feature you
  want to use
• Flash ROM BIOS upgrades for most BIOS
  manufacturers can be downloaded from
  www.unicore.com

31
Buses and Expansion Slots

• Buses evolved around data path and speed
• Local bus (system) and expansion bus (ISA)
• Buses carry electrical power, control signals,
  memory addresses, and data
• On-board ports, connectors, and riser slots

32
Bus Connections
33
On-Board Ports, Connectors, and Riser Slots
34
Hardware Configuration

• Setup data stored by DIP switches
• Setup data stored by jumpers
• Setup data stored in CMOS memory

35
Setup Data Stored by DIP Switches
36
Setup Data Stored by Jumpers
37
Setup Data Stored by Jumpers (continued)
38
Setup Data Stored in CMOS Memory

• Also called real-time clock/nonvolatile RAM
  (RTC/NVRAM) chip
• Retains data even when computer is turned off
• Setup cannot be changed unintentionally, but disk
  drive must be working before you can change the
  setup

39
CMOS Setup Main Menu
40
CMOS Setup Power Menu
41
CMOS Setup Boot Menu
42
CMOS Setup Exit Menu
43
Battery Power to CMOS Memory

• Types of CMOS batteries
• 3.6V lithium battery with a four-pin connector
  connects with a Velcro strip
• 4.5V alkaline battery with a four-pin connector
  connects with a Velcro strip
• 3.6V barrel-style battery with a two-pin
  connector soldered on
• 3V lithium coin-cell battery (most common)

44
CMOS

• Setting startup passwords in CMOS
• Categories of CMOS settings
• Standard
• BIOS Features Menu
• Advanced Chip Set Setup
• Power Management Menu
• IDE HDD Auto-detect
• Hardware Device Settings

45
Protecting Documentation and Configuration
Settings

• Keep up-to-date written records of CMOS settings,
  hardware and software installed, and network
  settings
• Keep well-labeled documentation in a safe place
• Can also save and restore CMOS settings using
  third-party utility software

46
Building a Computer

• Verify that you have all parts you plan to
  install
• Prepare computer case
• Install drives
• Determine proper configuration settings for
  motherboard
• 5. Set jumpers or switches on motherboard
• 6. Install CPU and CPU cooler

47
Building a Computer (continued)

• 7. Install RAM
• Install motherboard and attach cabling
• Install video card
• Plug computer into power source attach monitor
  and keyboard
• Boot system and enter CMOS setup
• Make sure settings are set to the default

48
Building a Computer (continued)

• 13. If booting from a floppy disk, insert a
  bootable setup disk
• 14. Observe POST
• Prepare hard drive for the OS
• Reboot system and run ScanDisk on drive C
• 17. Connect mouse

49
Building a Computer (continued)

• 18. Install the OS from CD or floppy
• 19. Change boot order in CMOS
• 20. Check for conflicts with system resources
• 21. Install any other expansion cards, and/or
  drives
• 22. Verify that all is operating properly make
  final OS and/or CMOS adjustments

50
Installing the Motherboard

• Prepare motherboard to go in case
• Set jumpers
• Add CPU, fan, and heat sink
• Installing a Pentium II in Slot 1
• Installing a Pentium 4 in Socket 478

51
Setting the Jumpers
52
Setting the Jumpers (continued)
53
Installing a Pentium II in Slot 1
54
Installing a Pentium II in Slot 1 (continued)
55
Installing a Pentium II in Slot 1 (continued)
56
Installing a Pentium II in Slot 1 (continued)
57
Installing a Pentium 4 inSocket 478
58
Installing a Pentium 4 inSocket 478 (continued)
59
Installing Motherboard in Case

• Install faceplate
• Install standoffs
• Attach motherboard inside case with screws
• Connect power cord from power supply to P1 power
  connection on motherboard
• Connect wire leads from front panel of case to
  motherboard (reset switch, HDD LED, speaker,
  power LED, remote switch)

60
Installing the Faceplate
61
Installing the Faceplate (continued)
62
Standoffs and Screwholes
63
Wire Connectors
64
Troubleshooting the Motherboard and CPU

• Look for clues from POST
• Reports errors as beep codes
• Cautiously substitute good hardware components
  for those you suspect are bad

65
Summary

• Types of motherboards
• Motherboard components
• Building a computer
• Installing the motherboard
• Troubleshooting the motherboard and CPU