Class Arachnida, Order Acari (mites and ticks).

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Class Arachnida, Order Acari (mites and ticks).

• arachnids as parasites
• chiggers (mites) and ticks

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Differences Between Ticks and Mites

• Ticks are large with a toothed hypostome that is
  exposed. They have a Hallers organ.
• Mites are small usually microscopic and have a
  unarmed hidden hypostome. They dont have a
  Hallers organ.

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Pathogenesis attributable to Ticks

• Anemia
• Dermatosis
• Paralysis
• Otoacariasis
• Infections

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Family Ixodidae The Hard Ticks
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Family Ixodidae The Hard Ticks
Toothed Hypostome
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Tick Life Cycle
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Adult Male and Adult Female Tick after blood meal!
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Tick Larva
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Tick after Molting!
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Some Common Ticks
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Family Ixodidae The Hard Ticks
Anal Groove
Anal Groove
Festoons
Non-Ixodes genera
Ixodes spp.
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Boophilus annulatus The Bovine Tick
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One Host Life Cycle
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Rhipicephalus sanguineus The Brown Dog Tick
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Haemaphysalis leporispalustirs The rabbit tick
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Ixodes sp. Hard Tick
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Amblyomma americanum The Lone Star Tick
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Dermacentor variabilis The American Dog Tick
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Dermacentor variabilis The American Dog Tick
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D. andersoni The Rocky Mountain Wood Tick
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Three Host Life Cycle
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Family Argasidae The Soft Ticks
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Soft Ticks
Hard Tick
Soft Tick
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Soft Ticks
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Soft Ticks
Capitulum
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Soft tick life cycle
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Otobius species Spinose Ear Ticks Nymphs.
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Mites
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Chiggers Family Trombiculidae
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Chiggers Family TrombiculidaeMost bites are in
areas of tightly-fitting clothing
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Chiggers Family Trombiculidae

• Larva chiggers do not penetrate into the skin.
• After their mouthparts penetrate the epidermis,
  these mites inject salivary secretions that are
  protolytic.
• Host cells harden under the influence of other
  salivary secretions to become a tube the
  stylostome, and the chiggers use it as a straw.

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Chiggers Family Trombiculidae
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Chiggers (Acarina Trombiculidae Hannemania sp.)
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Chiggers (Acarina Trombiculidae Hannemania sp.)


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Chiggers (Acarina Trombiculidae)
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Fence Lizard Sceloporus undulatus
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Trombiculid mites Chiggers
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Subphylum Crustacea
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Subphylum Crustacea

• most are marine, some terrestrial and freshwater
• head has 2 pairs of antennae
• appendages are primitively biramous
• (have 2 major branches)
• body divided into 2 tagmata

cephalothorax consists of the head and the
thorax
abdomen
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Subphylum Crustacea

• have mandibles, 2 pairs of maxillae, and 1 pair
  of legs per segment
• cephalothorax
• 2 pairs of antennae
• mandibles
• 1st and 2nd maxillae
• 3 pairs of maxillipeds
• variable pairs of walking legs
• abdomen
• usually has 6 segments
• variable of pairs of swimmerets
• last segment has a pair of uropods
• and a telson

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Subphylum CrustaceaParasitism
Parasitic isopods
Fish louse
Parasitic Amphipods
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Lernaea sp. Anchor Worm
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Lernaea sp. Anchor Worm
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Whale Lice Paracyamus sp.
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Phylum Pentastomida (Greek pente, five, stoma,
mouth) or tongue worms
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Pentastomid Characteristics

• Obligatory parasites of amphibians, reptiles,
  birds and mammals.

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Pentastomid Characteristics

• Obligatory parasites of amphibians, reptiles,
  birds and mammals.
• Adults inhabit respiratory tracts (lungs, nasal
  passages) of their hosts.

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Pentastomid Characteristics

• Obligatory parasites of amphibians, reptiles,
  birds and mammals.
• Adults inhabit respiratory tracts (lungs, nasal
  passages) of their hosts.
• Adult appendages reduced to 2 pairs of head
  appendages, lobe like and with chitinous claws
  used to cling to the host.

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Relationship of Pentastomes to other Phyla

• Pentastomes are actually really specialized
  crustaceans!
• They are most closely related to fish lice which
  are ectoparasites on fish.

Fish louse, a crustacean
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3 year old Besenji dog was presented to a
veterinarian for castration
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Upon the removal of the scrotum and testes the
veterinarian found worms moving around freely in
the scrotum cavity.
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Armillifer sp.
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Definitive hosts of Armillifer sp.
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Radiograph of a normal dog
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Radiograph of the dog infected with Armillifer
sp. nymphs
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Three years later the dog finally died of liver
failure.
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Necropsy Findings!
Armillifer sp. nymphs
Dog Liver
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SP. Uniramia

• Tegmata head, thorax, abdomen, or head and
  trunk
• Uniramous appendages
• Abdominal appendages lacking
• Respirate by tracheal system
• Mostly terrestrial
• One pair of antenna

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SP. Uniramia

• C Chilopoda
• C Diplopoda
• C Insecta

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C Insecta

• Head, thorax, abdomen
• 3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs of wings
• Highly variable in forms
• Wings
• Legs
• Antennae
• Mouthparts
• gut

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Bauplane.g. grasshopper

• Body segments are composed of four plates
  (sclerites)
• Dorsal tergum
• Ventral sternum
• Sides (lateral) pleura

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Bauplane.g. grasshopper

• Head
• 1 pair of antennae
• Pair of Mandibles
• 2 pairs of maxillae
• Thorax
• 3 pairs of legs
• 2 pairs of wings
• Abdomen

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Metamorphosis

• The process of changing from one form to another
• Requires a number of molts
• Two types
• Holometabolous (complete) Larvae are generally
  of quite different structer and habit from adults
• Hemimetabolous (incomplete) gradual change from
  molt to molt

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Development in Insects
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Division Exopterygota
Hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphosis)
ORDERS Order Hemiptera Order
Mallophaga Order Anoplura
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Division Exopterygota
Order Hemiptera
True bugs assassin bugs, bedbugs
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Bat Bugs Cimex sp. (Cimicidae)
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Swallow Bugs Oeciacus vicarius (Cimicidae)
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Assassin Bugs or Kissing Bugs (Reduvidae)

• Large up to 34 mm.
• Some species found on the ground, some in trees
  and some in human dwellings.
• Eggs, are laid and have 5 nymphal instars.

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Trypanosoma cruzi
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1. Epimastigotes transmitted through bug feces.
2. Trypomastigotes found in the peripheral blood.
3. Amastigotes reproduce in muscle cells.

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Epidemiology
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Dogs and Cats can serve as hosts!
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Dogs and Cats can serve as hosts!
Chickens serve as good blood source for bugs!
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Xenodiagnosis
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Division Exopterygota
Order Mallophaga and Anoplura
Chewing Lice and Sucking Lice
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Hatched Lice Eggs on Hair!
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Columbicola clumbae
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Hippoboscidae Louse Flies Pseudolynchia
canariensis
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Hippoboscidae Louse Flies Pseudolynchia
canariensis transports Columbicola clumbae
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Phthirus pubis, The Crab Louse
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Haematomyzus elephantis
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Division Endopterygota
Holometabolous(complete metamorphosis)

• wings develop on the inside

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Division Endopterygota
Holometabolous (complete metamorphosis) ORDERS
Order Coleoptera Order Siphonaptera Order
Diptera
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Division Endoterygota
Order Coleoptera
beetles

• top pair of wings is modified into an armor-like
  covering called an elytra

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Darkling Beetles, Family Tenebrionidae
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Family Silphidae The Carrion Beetles Nicrophorus
sp.
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Family Leiodidae Platypsyllus castoris
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Division Endoterygota
Order Siphonaptera
Fleas
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Posterior End of Male and Female Ctenocephalides
felis
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Cat Flea Life Cycle
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Human Disease and Fleas
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Human Disease and Fleas
Xenopsylla cheopis
Rattus ratus
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Human Disease and Fleas
Yersinia pestis and Bubonic Plague
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Human Disease and Fleas
14th Century Europe, 25 million people died!
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Division Endoterygota
Order Diptera
Flies

• have only 1 pair of flying wings
• 2nd pair of wings are reduced to halteres used
  in balance

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SO Nematocera

• F Culicidae Mosquitoes

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Black Flies Family Simulidae
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SO Brachycera F Tabanidae
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My Fishing Boat
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These two kittens were found in the storage box
in the boat, my mom is holding them.
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This particular cutie was interesting from a
parasitological perspective.
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The back of his head had an interesting lesion.
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This is a close up. Can you guess what it is?
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Another close up!! I thought I knew what it was
so I pulled it out!!
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This is what popped out. A Cuterebra sp. The
rodent, or rabbit bot from a 3 week old kitten!
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This is the ventral side of Cuterebra sp. note
the mouth hooks.
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This is the patient after surgery in the kitchen.

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The mom cat took him back, unfortunately a owl
ate him some time later.
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Family Oestridae

• Nasal, Stomach and Skin Bots
• Four Subfamilies (Cuterebrinae Oestrinae
  Hypodermatinae Gasterophilinae

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Third Stage Bot of Cuterebra sp.
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Dermatobia hominis
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Third Stage Bot and Pupa of Dermatobia hominis
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Oestrus ovis
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Third Stage Bot of Oestrus ovis
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Third Stage Deer Bot of Cephanemyia sp.
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Gasterophilus spp. The horse stomach bots.
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Third Stage Bot of Gasterophilus sp.
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Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum The Heel
Flies Gadding in Cattle
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Third Stage Bot of Hypoderma sp.
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Sarcophagidae Flesh flies
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Characteristics of Third Stage Maggots of
Calliphoridae
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• Myiasis in amphibians is caused by larvae of
  dipterans of the families Sarcophagidae,
  Chloropidae, and Calliphoridae, some of which can
  cause substantial mortality in their amphibian
  hosts.

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Bufolucilia bufonivora
Photo by Reichenbach-Klinke and Elkan, 1965.
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Bufolucilia bufonivora

• When female flies are placed among frogs, toads,
  and salamanders, they oviposit almost exclusively
  on toads.

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Bufolucilia bufonivora

• When female flies are placed among frogs, toads,
  and salamanders, they oviposit almost exclusively
  on toads.
• Female flies deposit eggs on the surface of the
  amphibians skin, usually on the back and eggs
  hatch within 24 hr.

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Bufolucilia bufonivora

• When female flies are placed among frogs, toads,
  and salamanders, they oviposit almost exclusively
  on toads.
• Female flies deposit eggs on the surface of the
  amphibians skin, usually on the back and eggs
  hatch within 24 hr.
• First stage larvae migrate along the toads back
  until they reach the eyes, enter the lacrimal
  ducts and migrate to the nasal cavity.

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Bufolucilia bufonivora
Drawings by Zumpt, 1965.
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Bufolucilia species in North America

• Two species of calliphorids in the genus
  Bufolucilia have been reported to cause myiasis
  in North American amphibians B. silvarum a
  Palearctic and Nearctic species and B. elongata a
  Nearctic species.

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Weekly prevalence and mean intensity of
Bufolucilia silvarum in juvenile eastern American
toads from southeastern Wisconsin.
Date Collected Number infected/Number examined Prevalence Mean intensity1 SD (Range)
May 31 2/36 5.5 21.4 (1-3)
Jun 7 0/17 0 ---
June 14 3/28 10.7 11.36 (5-17)
June 20 0/30 0 ---
July 1 4/20 20 14.36 (9-24)
July 6-12 0/9 0 ---
Total 9/140 6.4 10.57.2 (1-24)
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Posterior spiracles of third instars.
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The cephalopharingela skeleton of third instars.
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American toad with recently deposited calliphorid
eggs.
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American toad with recently deposited calliphorid
eggs.
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1st stage instar of Bufolucilia silvarum.
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All toads possessed a single lesion.
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Within 2 days of infection an open wound appeared
on the animals with the posterior spiracles of
maggots being visible.
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All toads possessed a single lesion and here
maggots congregated and fed as a group.
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3rd instars continued to feed on the carcass but
did not consume it before migrating out and
actively seeking a suitable area to pupate.
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After leaving the carcass 3rd stage instars
actively searched for a secluded area to pupate.
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3rd instars migrating into moist sand.
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3rd instars migrated into moist sand.
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3rd instars turn into pupae within 2-3 days of
emergence out of the toad remains.
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Flies began emerging within 7-9 days.
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Fully formed fly.
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Male B. silvarum Female B.
silvarum
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Flies feeding.
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Species of Bufolucilia reported to cause myiasis
in North American amphibians.
Fly Species Amphibian Host and Number Infected Locality and Date
B. elongata Western Toad (1) Colorado 1947 B. elongata American Toad (6) Wisconsin 1977 B. silvarum American Toad (1) Nova Scotia 1963 B. silvarum American Toad (1) Ontario 1963 B. silvarum American Toad (9) Wisconsin 2002 B. silvarum Bullfrog (48) California 1948 B. elongata Western Toad (1) Colorado 1947 B. elongata American Toad (6) Wisconsin 1977 B. silvarum American Toad (1) Nova Scotia 1963 B. silvarum American Toad (1) Ontario 1963 B. silvarum American Toad (9) Wisconsin 2002 B. silvarum Bullfrog (48) California 1948 B. elongata Western Toad (1) Colorado 1947 B. elongata American Toad (6) Wisconsin 1977 B. silvarum American Toad (1) Nova Scotia 1963 B. silvarum American Toad (1) Ontario 1963 B. silvarum American Toad (9) Wisconsin 2002 B. silvarum Bullfrog (48) California 1948 B. elongata Western Toad (1) Colorado 1947 B. elongata American Toad (6) Wisconsin 1977 B. silvarum American Toad (1) Nova Scotia 1963 B. silvarum American Toad (1) Ontario 1963 B. silvarum American Toad (9) Wisconsin 2002 B. silvarum Bullfrog (48) California 1948
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Metamorphosed wood frog, August 23, 2003.
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Metamorphosed wood frog with recently deposited
B. silvarum eggs.
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3rd instars reduce the carcass of dead frogs
within a day of death.
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The only thing that is left is bones!! Maggots
reduce the carcass to bones within 42-59 hr of
eggs hatching.
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Hippoboscidae (Louse Flies) Keds of sheep, deer,
pigeons
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Hippoboscidae (Louse Flies) Keds of sheep, deer,
pigeons

• Life cycle - Females give birth to a larva that
  is fully developed and immediately pupates,
  attached to wool (larvaposite).
• Transmission is by direct contact with peak
  population in cool weather. Similar to lice.
  Some species have wings and can fly to host.

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Hippoboscidae (Louse Flies) Keds of sheep,
deer, pigeons

• Pathology - bites are very irritating and cause
  scratching.
• feces of insect stains wool.
• heavily infested animals show emaciation, anemia
  and unthriftiness, especially lambs.