Ch 19

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Ch 19 20

• The Cold War
• and
• Postwar Years at Home

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Yalta Conference February 1945

• Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin met to work out
  the future of Germany and Poland
• -- They divided Germany into 4 zones
• Stalin wanted Germany to pay reparations (20
  billion)
• Roosevelt and Churchill said No!

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• Stalin finally allowed elections in Poland after
  the meeting stalled
• Disputes over the country would continue to
  strain relations for years to come

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Truman Takes Command

• Truman met with FDR twice during the 82 days he
  served as vice president
• Not briefed on military matters or peace
  negotiations
• Unaware that an atomic bomb existed

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United Nations

• The U.N. was created even though the League of
  Nations failed
• U.S. joined other countries in forming the U.N.
  and pledging to settle differences peacefully,
  promote justice and cooperate in solving
  international problems
• 11 seats on the Security Council
• 5 permanent seats held by the U.S., G.B., Soviet
  Union, France, and China

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Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945

• New representatives at the Potsdam Conference ?
  Truman and Attlee
• Truman learns that the atomic bomb had been
  tested
• Stalin already knew about the bomb (Soviet spies)

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American view vs. Soviet view

• Democracy economic opportunity to conquered
  nations of Europe Asia
• Provide markets for its products

• Est. satelitte nations
• Countries subject to Soviet domination to serve
  as buffer zone
• Spread communism
• Refuse coop. w/ World Bank IMF

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Soviets Tightening Their Hold

• Supported takeovers in
• Albania Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia Hungary
• Romania East Germany
• Finland Yugoslavia

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• Bulgaria controlled by 1948
• Czechoslovakia 1948
• Hungary Romania both 1947
• East Germany 1949 (German Democratic Republic)
• Yugoslavia Communist but not under Stalins
  control

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Iron Curtain

• Churchills reference on the Soviet spread of
  communism throughout Eastern Europe
• Set the tone for the Cold War
• Competition b/w the US and the USSR for power and
  influence in the world
• Eventually ended before it became Hot

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Communism

• Government owns all land and property
• A single political party controls the government
• The needs of the country always took priority
  over the rights of the individuals
• The call for a worldwide revolution

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Communism

• Positives
• Classless society
• Wealth shared according to need
• No competition

• Negatives
• If isolated, open to attack
• - All private ownership becomes public
• No competition

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Red Scare

• American Fears
• Red Scare an intense fear of communism and other
  politically radical ideas
• Stemmed from
• Soviet Unions intention to spread communism
• Revolution to overthrow capitalist system
  inevitable
• Many immigrants favored it

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Containment Policy

• Resist Soviets attempts to set up Communist
  governments in the world
• Cornerstone of Americas Cold War foreign policy
• The Containment Policy was the subject of debate
• Push Communism out of Eastern Europe and Russia
  or let Communism die on its own?

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Truman Doctorine

• Pres. Truman declared in a speech to Congress
  that the US would support nations threatened by
  communism
• Greece and Turkey
• US was handed the job of world leadership from
  Great Britain with all its burdens and all its
  glory

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The Cold War Heats Up

• 19.2

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Marshall Plan

• Plan unveiled by Sec. of State George Marshall
  (1947)
• Formerly known as the European Recovery Program
• Called for European nations to draw up a program
  for economic recovery
• Supported by US financial aid

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• Belief that aid would create strong democracies
  open markets for American goods
• Fear that Soviet aid would turn more nations
  communist
• Soviets called it an imperialistic plot

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Berlin Airlift

• West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
  formed by the unification of the 3 Allied Powers
  zones
• Included western part of Berlin
• East Germany (German Democratic Republic) Soviet
  zone, Communist state

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Federal Republic of Germany
German Democratic Republic
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• Stalin blockaded West Berlin over a currency
  dispute
• 2.5 million people lived in W. Berlin after
  fleeing the Soviet controlled areas
• Berlin airlift 15 month span where British
  American aircraft delivered food, fuel, and other
  supplies to the people of W. Berlin

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NATO

• Western European countries needed an organization
  to protect democratic nations
• UN was no help w/ the Soviets using veto in
  Security Council

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• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
• Collective security principle of mutual military
  assistance among nations
• US and Canada w/ Belgium, Britain, Denmark,
  France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
  Norway, and Portugal

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• Soviets response to NATO
• Warsaw Pact Military alliance b/w the Soviet
  Union and its satellite nations of E. Europe
  (1955)

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Communist Advances

• Soviets successfully tested an atomic bomb
• Federal Civil Defense Admin. Organized
• Info on how to survive a nuclear attack

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• China falls to Communism
• Mao Zedong and the communists won the battle over
  the US aided Nationalists creating the Peoples
  Republic of China
• Nationalists fled to Taiwan
• w/ American support, they held on to the UN seats

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Cold War _at_ Home

• Fear of Soviet spies in the U.S. increased
• Truman began an investigation and created a
  federal employee loyalty program in 1947
• New federal employees were investigated and the
  FBI investigated some suspicious current
  employees

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• Loyalty Review Board
• Those accused of being disloyal were brought
  before the LRB
• Guilty until proven loyal

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• Congress set up HUAC House on Un-American
  Activities Committee
• Began investigating Hollywoods movie industry
  because Congress believed movies had tremendous
  ability to influence Americans

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• The Hollywood Ten
• Hollywood writers, directors and actors were
  called to testify before HUAC
• Those called to defend themselves were not
  allowed to make statements
• Are you now or have you ever been a member of
  the Communist Party?
• They invoked their 5th amendment right and some
  were jailed for 6-12 months
• People were blacklisted
• (list circulated among employers containing
  names of persons who should not be hired)

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• Sen. McCarran believed that disloyal Americans
  were immigrants from Communist dominated parts of
  the world
• The McCarran-Walter Act law that reaffirmed the
  immigration quota system from 1924
• Truman vetoed the act as discriminatory and
  un-American
• Congress was able to override the veto

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• In 1948, HUAC investigated Alger Hiss who worked
  for the State Department
• Hiss was accused by a magazine editor of being a
  Communist in 1930s and then a Soviet spy
• Hiss was later convicted of perjury in the
  slander case
• Hiss went to prison for 4 years

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• Alger Hiss (State dept. official) was
  convicted of perjury
• Richard Nixon
• prosecutor

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• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, members of the
  Communist Party, were accused of spying for the
  Soviets and giving them atomic secrets
• Rosenbergs were convicted of espionage and
  executed in 1953
• Evidence now shows that Julius may have been a
  spy but it is unlikely that Ethel was really
  involved.

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Ch 19.3 The Korean War

• Setting the Scene
• The Korean War is often referred to as the
  forgotten war
• This war, although not as glorious as WWII, had
  important effects of the U.S.

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Trouble in Asia

• Syngman Rhee Korea Kim Il Sung

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The Communist Expansion in Asia

• The Chinese Civil War
• The Communist Party in China (Mao Zedong)
  defeated the Nationalist Party (Jiang Jieshi)
• The Nationalists fled to Taiwan claiming to be
  the legitimate government of China

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Dividing Korea

• The war with Japan ended before plans for Korea
  could be worked out
• The temporary solution was to divide Korea at the
  38th Parallel
• Soviets occupied the northern zone
• America occupied the southern zone
• Forces in both zone were withdrawn by 1949

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The Korean Conflict

• Koreans on both sides of the dividing line wanted
  to unify their country
• North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel to
  reunite Korea by force
• Some Americans believed this was organized by the
  Soviet Union
• There was fear in the U.S. that communism was
  spreading

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The UN Police Action

• When the U.S. blocked the Chinese Communist Party
  from being admitted to the U.N., the Soviets
  walked out in protest.
• This is when Truman argued that the U.N. should
  help defend south Korea and restore peace.
• The Soviets were not there to exercise their veto
  power. The U.S. got unanimous approval

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The UN Police Action

• When the U.S. blocked the Chinese Communist Party
  from being admitted to the U.N., the Soviets
  walked out in protest.
• This is when Truman argued that the U.N. should
  help defend south Korea and restore peace.
• The Soviets were not there to exercise their veto
  power. The U.S. got unanimous approval

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• Truman did not go to Congress for a declaration
  of war.
• Instead, the UN set up a command and asked the
  U.S. to choose a commander of the UN forces
• 16 members contributed troops, but 80 of the
  troops were Americans

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Waging the War

• Gen. Douglas MacArthur commanded the UN troops
• He was a hero of two world wars and
  anti-communist
• He was stationed in Japan and responsible for
  creating Japans new democratic constitution

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• Only a small part of South Korea (port city of
  Pusan) was not conquered by North Koreans
• MacArthur suspected that the North Koreans
  supply lines were stretched thin so he decided to
  strike this weakness
• He sent forces in to defend Pusan then attacked
  the enemy supply lines from behind

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The War starts Troops pushed
south
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Where does MacArthur make an amphibious landing?

• Inchon -- behind enemy
• lines.
• North Korean Communist
• troops retreat northward
• as UN American troops
• recapture Seoul and clear out
• the invaders.

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Objective accomplished North Korean invaders
are expelled from South Korea. Gen. MacArthur
now recommends they cross the 38th parallel and
reunite the two Koreas.
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• Chinas foreign minister warned the UN not to
  advance any further
• MacArthur ignored the warning and announced his
  troops would drive the N.Korean troops into China

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• MacArthur tells Truman that the Chinese will not
  intervene to help North Korea
• MacArthur and Truman
• meet at Wake Island to
• discuss the war.

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What do the Chinese do?

• Invade by crossing the Yalu River helping the
  North Korean troops and forcing UN US troops to
  retreat
• Now there was a stalemate

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In response to the Chinese invasion of North
Korea, MacArthur wanted to extend the war into
China

• What did MacArthur suggest doing in China?
• Drop thirty to fifty atomic bombs

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• Truman feared this would cause widespread war in
  Asia
• Who would support China? Soviet Union
• MacArthur went over the presidents head by
  talking to newspaper and magazine publishers
• He wrote a letter to the Republican leader in
  the House of Representatives saying it was time
  to crush communism in Asia and believed there is
  no substitute for victory
• He was given a heros welcome when he returned
  to the US. Politically, he faded away

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Korea a limited victory

• North Korean invaders had been pushed back
• Communism was contained
• Korea continues to be a divided nation close to
  the 38th parallel

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The Effects of the Korean War

• Americans had to get used to more limited victory
• Contained communism
• Did not use nuclear war
• First time armed forces served in the same units
• Military-industrial complex was developed to
  support military at home and abroad

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Ch 19.4 The Continuing Cold War

• Setting the Scene
• I have here in my hand a list of 205 people
  who were known to the secretary of state as being
  members of the Communist Party ....

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Joseph McCarthy
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• The McCarthy Era
• McCarthys accusations sparked an anti-Communist
  hysteria
• When pressed for detail of his accusation,
  McCarthy reduced number of Communists from 205
  down to 57
• McCarthys Rise to Power
• McCarthy needed public support on an issue he
  chose Communism
• McCarthyism smear tactics used by McCarthy and
  others
• Merely being accused by McCarthy caused people to
  lose their jobs

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• McCarthys Fall
• McCarthy accused government people at all levels
  of being Communist sympathizers. McCarthy even
  accused Army officials.
• McCarthy hearings were televised and the public
  was intrigued
• After a few months, McCarthy had lost his
  strongest supporters and the Senate condemned his
  actions
• McCarthy lost his power in the Senate

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What did McCarthyism reflect about Americans?

• Our fear about the growing menace of Communism
• Those who refused to take loyalty oaths often
  lost their jobs or were blacklisted
• People from all walks of life (actors,
  screenwriters, teachers) were charged during
  televised hearings and were unable to defend
  themselves
• McCarthyism the widely publicized personal
  attacks unsubstantiated charges against alleged
  subversives.

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The Cold War in the 1950s

• Eisenhower becomes President in 1953
• His Secretary of State, Dulles, believed Trumans
  containment policy was too cautious. He wanted
  to roll back communism
• Eisenhower saw the risks of confronting the
  Soviets
• U.S. did not get involved when East Germans
  revolted in 1953 and the Poles and Hungarians
  revolted in 1959. Eisenhower believed any other
  response would lead to war.

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Southeast Asia

• In July 1953, Eisenhower brought the Korean war
  to and end
• U.S. began providing substantial military aid to
  France in its attempt to control its colony,
  Vietnam
• Vietnam was also divided in half and the U.S.
  supported South Vietnam

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The Middle East

• In 1947, the UN created two states Israel
  (Jewish) and Palestine (Arab) in the land that
  had been Palestine
• The U.S. supported Israel and the Soviets
  supported Arab interests
• The U.S. also backed groups to overthrow Irans
  government and restore the pro-American Shaw of
  Iran
• Eisenhowers policy was to provide U.S. support
  to any Middle Eastern country to fight against
  Communism

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Latin America

• The U.S. also acted to support pro-American
  governments and suppress Communist governments in
  Latin America
• Organization of American States (OAS) was created
  to increase cooperation among nations in the
  Western Hemisphere
• In 1954, CIA helped to overthrow the Guatemalan
  government

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The Arms Race

• Arms race Struggle to gain weapons superiority
• Deterrence the policy of making the military
  power of the U.S. so strong no enemy would dare
  attack for fear of retaliation
• The Growth of Nuclear Arsenals
• The U.S. created the hydrogen bomb which was 750
  times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped
  on Japan

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• Brinkmanship policy of getting to the verge of
  war without getting into war
• Cold War in the Skies
• Sputnik the first artificial satellite to orbit
  Earth launched by the Soviet Union
• Fear that this could transport a hydrogen bomb
• U-2 incident Soviet guided missile shot down an
  American spy plane in Soviet territory