Introduction to the communication studies

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• Introduction to the communication studies

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Communication

• Definition
• Different forms of communication
• Why do we communicate
• Communication models

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Communicatie

• An image on communication ?

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Definition of Communication

• Communication is the exchange of symbolic
  information between humans who are aware of each
  others direct or mediated presence.
• This information is transmitted interpreted -
  received on a conscious as well as a
  subconscious level.Frank Oomkes

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Communication

• EXCHANGE
• From one to the other gtAND BACK (Cfr infra)
• Symbolic information
• Symbolically referring to something else
• Eg STOEL
• (NEXT SLIDE)
• Information vs communication
• The literal meaning SMOKE SMOKE
• Communication the symbolic meaning of
  information
• SMOKE SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

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Communication symbolic information

• -)

What is this?
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Communication symbolic information
Information vs Communication
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Communication aware of

• To be aware of each other

No awareness of the exit-sign NO
communication Writing a letter?Communication
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Communication

• Conclusion Communication
• All verbal or non-verbal behaviour
• On a conscious or subconscious level

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Communication

• On a conscious or subconscious level

No, Im not in love with you
Our communication transmitters can not be
switched off.
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Communication

• To be aware of each others direct or mediated
  presence

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Summary

• A. Definition of communication
• Everything is communication
• A lot is unintentional
• informatie VS communicatie ( symbolic
  information)
• Direct or mediated

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Communicatie

• B. Forms of communication
• Interpersonal communication
• Mass-communication
• Intrapersonal communication

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Communicatie - interpersonal

• Interpersonal communication
• Between people in the vicinity of our senses
• Via audio-visual- aids MEDIATED

! Limitations time space size - distance
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Mass-Communication

• Masscommunicatie
• Via medium graffiti, exposition, newspaper, TV,
  books, homepage
• OR direct speech!
• The absence of the intention of exclusion
• Distance in space, time, between sender
  receiver

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Intrapersonal Communication

• Intrapersonal communication
• Internal discourse

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Why do we communicate

• C. Why
• Biologic motives
• Basic wants needs
• Food, drinks, sex,

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Why do we communicate

• Interpersonal motives
• dependancy, attention, agression, confirmation of
  the image of the self, dominance, security,
  respect, intimacy love
• William Schutz (1958)
• Inclusion is the need to establish identity with
  others. 
• Control is the need to exercise leadership and
  prove one's abilities.
• Affection is the need to develop relationships
  with people.

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Why do we communicate?

• To order and manage the society
  (Maatschappelijke motieven)
• Laswell (1948)
• environmental surveillance
• Correlation of the different parts of society in
  making a response to the environment
• Transmission of the social heritage from one
  generation to another

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Why do we communicate?
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Communication

• Two levels of communication
• HERES JOHNY

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Model of Communication

• D. Model of communication
• Traditional model of communication
• Refinements of the traditional model of
  communication

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Model of communication

• Traditional model

BUT Receiver nor sender is passive
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Model of Communication

• Refinement

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2. Other refinements

• Message
• Communication Channels
• Noise
• Code - Decode
• Selection techniques
• Situation

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a. Message
Schulz von Thun 1992 Each message consists of
4 messages

• CONTENT LEVEL
• 1. Referential level
• The literal content - the literal meaning
• CONTEXTUAL level
• 1. SELF Disclosure level
• level where one tells something about oneself
• 2. RELATIONAL level
• level where one is telling something about the
  relationship between oneself and the other person
  (
• 3. Appellative level
• level where one tells the other person what to
  do

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a. Message

• Situation a married couple in a car with the
  wife driving and the husband beside her.
• He says "The traffic light is red."
• Referential level gt "The traffic light is red"
• 2. SELF Disclosure level gt might be "I've seen
  the red light and I think I have to tell you
  this," OR another possibility "I wonder why the
  traffic light is red."
• 3. RELATIONAL level gt can be "I'm in the
  position to tell you these things-- and you have
  to listen carefully,"
• 4. Appellative level gt can be "Stop!" OR "Tell me
  why this light is red."

we need a context
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b. Communication channels

• Vocal Channel
• Talking listening to each others
• Visual channel
• Wacthing television
• Tactile channel
• Hugging the one you love

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c. Noise

• DeVito 1991
• physical noise
• cars screeching, air conditioners humming, a
  speaker's lisp, and sunglasses.
• Our senses are having trouble to receive the
  message
• psychological noise
• closed mindedness
• biases and prejudices
• semantic noise
• jargon, technical, or complex terms
• gt the receiver fails to grasp the meanings
  intended by the sender
• Channels ? failure of communication-noise

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d. Code Decode

• coderen - decoderen
• How to code decode abstract feelings like
  love having a different referential framework

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e. Selection processes

• Selective transmission sender only sends what he
  finds interesting, good for his own cause,
• Selective focus you do not read all the
  newspapers, but you select one select some
  articles
• Selective perception A physical psychological
  necessity!
• Selective memory (Freuds repression) Ah, when
  I was young, everything was better!
• Selective acceptance gtsmoking kills, but I dont
  want to accept this logical fact
• Selective talking to otherswe do not want to be
  a bore, to offend others,

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e. situation

• Space
• How what we talk about, eg Bar, - classroom
• Conversation partners are you literally- close
  to me?
• Time
• Amount of time, what time of day?,
• Conversation partners
• What is our relationship
• Third parties (talking with your girlfriend on
  the sofa or talking with your girlfriend in
  presence of your boss)
• (Sub)cultural rules
• Own language, stile behavioural rules